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<node CREATED="1547383940597" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_540300765" MODIFIED="1547677069592" TEXT="Competition vs. cooperation">
<node CREATED="1547384722637" ID="ID_1880752649" MODIFIED="1547496719798" TEXT="People tend to think of businesses as rivals, always out to get one another"/>
<node CREATED="1547384753146" ID="ID_1103259446" MODIFIED="1547496719799" TEXT="but their natural affinity is to cooperate ..."/>
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<node CREATED="1547383943281" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_90544576" MODIFIED="1547677069594" TEXT="Rule of reason vs. per se">
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<node CREATED="1547383977610" ID="ID_1479187943" MODIFIED="1547496719803" TEXT="The Chicago School"/>
<node CREATED="1547383990257" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1317848624" MODIFIED="1547677069601" TEXT="Economic efficiency">
<node CREATED="1547385587930" ID="ID_1172982693" MODIFIED="1547496719804" TEXT="the right number of things get produced"/>
<node CREATED="1547385601322" ID="ID_1501094530" MODIFIED="1547496719804" TEXT="with the ideal quality"/>
<node CREATED="1547385615065" ID="ID_1289353453" MODIFIED="1547496719804" TEXT="with the ideal distribution to the people who can make the best use of them"/>
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<node CREATED="1547384277636" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_35768965" MODIFIED="1547677069603" TEXT="Think of antitrust law as ...">
<node CREATED="1547384288955" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_176719592" MODIFIED="1547677069601" TEXT="Statute">
<node CREATED="1547384301930" ID="ID_1904888708" MODIFIED="1547496719805" TEXT="The basis of legal authority (at least in this class) is federal statute"/>
<node CREATED="1547384365934" ID="ID_291162892" MODIFIED="1547496719806" TEXT="These statutes were made incredibly vague by Congress"/>
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<node CREATED="1547384293266" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1987252743" MODIFIED="1547677069601" TEXT="Common law">
<node CREATED="1547384342411" ID="ID_745418619" MODIFIED="1547496719807" TEXT="The vagueness of the statutes is understood as an instruction to courts to evolve a federal common law of antitrust"/>
<node CREATED="1547384429077" ID="ID_260734963" MODIFIED="1547496719808" TEXT="Thus, antitrust works on doctrine, precedent, fuzzy rules and factors"/>
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<node CREATED="1547384295843" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_284592950" MODIFIED="1547677069603" TEXT="Constitutional law">
<node CREATED="1547384453668" ID="ID_1824457501" MODIFIED="1547496719809" TEXT="Antitrust can be thought of as the fundamental rules that structure and limit economic power in society"/>
<node CREATED="1547384524495" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1091000599" MODIFIED="1547677069601" TEXT="as the federal Constitution structures and limits political power in society">
<node CREATED="1547384676255" ID="ID_1690373543" MODIFIED="1547496719811" TEXT="(Elhauge said something long these lines)"/>
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<node CREATED="1547384603910" ID="ID_331410208" MODIFIED="1547500744850" TEXT="like the Con Law course, Antitrust is largely about getting to know Supreme Court cases and applying them"/>
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<node CREATED="1282753922284" ID="Freemind_Link_1866352208" MODIFIED="1547496719812" TEXT="Moves away from agrarian, locally focused generalist craftsmen"/>
<node CREATED="1282753939584" ID="Freemind_Link_1082759227" MODIFIED="1547500901668" TEXT="Move toward cities, nationally and regionally focused economic activity, extreme division of labor"/>
<node CREATED="1282753964971" ID="Freemind_Link_1409567917" MODIFIED="1547496719813" TEXT="Mechanization, railroads, factories, interchangable parts"/>
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<node CREATED="1282754563185" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_141444729" MODIFIED="1547677069612" TEXT="Era of trusts and robber barons">
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<node CREATED="1282754241485" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_45399254" MODIFIED="1547677069608" TEXT="American Tobacco Co.">
<node CREATED="1547304778337" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1144512723" MODIFIED="1547677069607" TEXT="James Buchanan Duke">
<node CREATED="1282754252559" ID="Freemind_Link_14015079" MODIFIED="1547496719818" TEXT="Duke University, 1924 (from existing Trinity College)"/>
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<node CREATED="1547304836501" ID="ID_479164030" MODIFIED="1547496719819" TEXT="controlled over 90% of cigarette market"/>
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<node CREATED="1547304245191" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1640511825" MODIFIED="1547677069608" TEXT="Leland Stanford">
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<node CREATED="1282753746546" ID="Freemind_Link_923821400" MODIFIED="1547496719821" TEXT="Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890"/>
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<node CREATED="1282752546183" ID="Freemind_Link_1402039982" MODIFIED="1547496719821" TEXT="Trend of lessening susupicion of business tactics and combinations and increasing reliance on economic theory and academic research"/>
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<node CREATED="1282752655783" ID="Freemind_Link_622061808" MODIFIED="1547496719822" TEXT="Over last 20-30 years, there&apos;s been increasing acceptance in courts of Chicago School of economic thinking, which is distrustful of antitrust law, believing the market will provide for the most efficient solutions, with law only hindering competition"/>
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<node CREATED="1547302020749" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_825563602" MODIFIED="1547677069613" TEXT="Recent">
<node CREATED="1547302026378" ID="ID_1927095475" MODIFIED="1547496719822" TEXT="Increasing current of voices calling for antitrust to be a check on business (and therefore political) power"/>
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<node CREATED="1282753709570" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1342885652" MODIFIED="1547677069613" TEXT="Competition, the free market">
<node CREATED="1282753564846" ID="Freemind_Link_1552644791" MODIFIED="1547496719823" TEXT="Both proponents and opponents of strong antitrust law claim to be in favor of unfettered competition"/>
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<node CREATED="1547302282723" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1443658967" MODIFIED="1547677069614" TEXT="Economic efficiency">
<node CREATED="1547302292063" ID="ID_430183712" MODIFIED="1547496719824" TEXT="This is the most straightforward reason we desire competition, a free market. It creates economic efficiency, which necessarily increases societal wealth. This is widely accepted and is the theory engine that powers the legal doctrine."/>
<node CREATED="1547418622895" ID="ID_1635654537" MODIFIED="1547496719825" TEXT="The &quot;Chicago School&quot; is view shared among many that the purpose of antitrust law is to create economic efficiency"/>
<node CREATED="1547418976493" ID="ID_1121957819" MODIFIED="1547501321099" TEXT="The Chicago School also incorporates a distrust of antitrust law, implying it&apos;s largely unnecessary, the market can handle things on its own"/>
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<node CREATED="1547418709929" ID="ID_1397456904" MODIFIED="1547496719827" TEXT="When wealth and economic power is concentrated, it concentrates political power and undermines democracy"/>
<node CREATED="1547418835395" ID="ID_63423502" MODIFIED="1547496719827" TEXT="This is called the &quot;Populist View&quot; or sometimes, derisively, &quot;Hipster Antitrust&quot;"/>
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<node CREATED="1547302140102" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_320259961" MODIFIED="1547677069614" TEXT="Ensuring opportunity for market entrants">
<node CREATED="1547302208760" ID="ID_370547558" MODIFIED="1547496719829" TEXT="A possible goal, but incompatible with Chicago-School-style thinking"/>
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<node CREATED="1282677744362" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1335006689" MODIFIED="1547678803469" POSITION="right" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Fact patterns">
<node CREATED="1282676357162" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1522282550" MODIFIED="1547677069628" TEXT="Restraints">
<node CREATED="1282760700891" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_887793481" MODIFIED="1547677069620" TEXT="Kinds of restraints">
<node CREATED="1282760712965" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_9794037" MODIFIED="1547677069620" TEXT="Horizontal">
<node CREATED="1282760740203" ID="Freemind_Link_849238789" MODIFIED="1547496719835" TEXT="Cartels, collaborating competitors"/>
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<node CREATED="1282760717178" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1511006258" MODIFIED="1547677069620" TEXT="Vertical">
<node CREATED="1547418154221" ID="ID_1201397963" MODIFIED="1547496719835" TEXT="Exclusive deal between distributor and retailer, e.g."/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1282676360238" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_919229891" MODIFIED="1547677069628" TEXT="Sherman Act &#xa7;1">
<node CREATED="1282676952611" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1239085264" MODIFIED="1547677069620" TEXT="Text">
<node CREATED="1282677096724" ID="Freemind_Link_1757918383" MODIFIED="1547496719836" TEXT="15 U.S.C. &#xa7;1: Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. ">
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<node CREATED="1282676967499" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1100467111" MODIFIED="1547677069628" TEXT="Interpretation">
<node CREATED="1282676977436" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1179778588" MODIFIED="1547677069627" TEXT="Only unreasonable restraints outlawed">
<node CREATED="1282676989236" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_137682600" MODIFIED="1547677069624" TEXT="Per-se illegality">
<node CREATED="1282677015274" ID="Freemind_Link_1459748308" MODIFIED="1547496719838" TEXT="Unreasonable as a matter of law"/>
<node CREATED="1282755025947" ID="Freemind_Link_639234571" MODIFIED="1547496719838" TEXT="No justifications or defenses entertained"/>
<node CREATED="1282752816771" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_961391653" MODIFIED="1547677069621" TEXT="Examples:">
<node CREATED="1282753054303" ID="Freemind_Link_660475782" MODIFIED="1547585888663" TEXT="Agreement between competitors to maintain (fix) minimum prices"/>
<node CREATED="1282752821120" ID="Freemind_Link_588888073" MODIFIED="1547496719839" TEXT="Agreement to divide up market into exclusive territories"/>
<node CREATED="1282753092571" ID="Freemind_Link_1357348366" MODIFIED="1547496719839" TEXT="Agreement between competitors to fix output levels"/>
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<node CREATED="1282752798220" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_40507945" MODIFIED="1547677069622" TEXT="Current trend is away from per se illegality">
<node CREATED="1282753215546" ID="Freemind_Link_1691143836" MODIFIED="1547496719840" TEXT="Example: Vertical price restraints no longer per-se illegal. Reversed 96-year precedent. Leegin Creative Leather v. PSKS (U.S. 2007)"/>
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<node CREATED="1282677361935" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_503889981" MODIFIED="1547677069626" TEXT="&amp;">
<node CREATED="1282677287425" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1012310946" MODIFIED="1547677069626" TEXT="&quot;Quick look&quot; rule of reason analysis">
<node CREATED="1282677304625" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1259841796" MODIFIED="1547677069625" TEXT="Case-by-case, but detailed analysis not necessary, for inherently suspect restraints">
<node CREATED="1282763348019" ID="Freemind_Link_980907506" MODIFIED="1547496719842" TEXT="Exchange of price information between competitors"/>
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<node CREATED="1282677024423" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1845303540" MODIFIED="1547677069627" TEXT="Rule-of-reason analysis">
<node CREATED="1282677033849" ID="Freemind_Link_603045825" MODIFIED="1547496719842" TEXT="Case-by-case determination"/>
<node CREATED="1282755007984" ID="Freemind_Link_500337559" MODIFIED="1547496719842" TEXT="Look at pro-competitive justifications"/>
<node CREATED="1282755248534" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1503517915" MODIFIED="1547677069627" TEXT="Examples:">
<node CREATED="1282755195725" ID="Freemind_Link_1711824057" MODIFIED="1547496719843" TEXT="Joint-ventures between competitors"/>
<node CREATED="1282763236132" ID="Freemind_Link_1743721505" MODIFIED="1547496719843" TEXT="Vertical price maintenance"/>
<node CREATED="1282763412820" ID="Freemind_Link_1856416110" MODIFIED="1547496719843" TEXT="Exclusive distribution arrangements"/>
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<node CREATED="1282676475500" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1296521055" MODIFIED="1547677069635" TEXT="Monopoly">
<node CREATED="1282676937424" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1580548488" MODIFIED="1547677069635" TEXT="Sherman Act &#xa7;2">
<node CREATED="1282677246975" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1859258120" MODIFIED="1547677069628" TEXT="Text">
<node CREATED="1282677252274" ID="Freemind_Link_1765095022" MODIFIED="1547496719844" TEXT="15 U.S.C. &#xa7;2: Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court."/>
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<node CREATED="1282677392238" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_80009436" MODIFIED="1547677069634" TEXT="Interpretation">
<node CREATED="1282676487725" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_792196633" MODIFIED="1547677069633" TEXT="Monopolization">
<node CREATED="1282676492737" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_130262413" MODIFIED="1547677069632" TEXT="Monopoly power">
<node CREATED="1282738370226" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_172017469" MODIFIED="1547677069630" TEXT="Power to control prices, or exclude competition">
<node CREATED="1282738400472" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_766219218" MODIFIED="1547677069629" TEXT="Factors">
<node CREATED="1282738413290" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_516344558" MODIFIED="1547677069629" TEXT="1st">
<node CREATED="1282738422938" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1329495823" MODIFIED="1547677069629" TEXT="Market share">
<node CREATED="1282738428746" ID="Freemind_Link_1238460043" MODIFIED="1547496719846" TEXT="70% or more is strongly suggestive"/>
<node CREATED="1282738447146" ID="Freemind_Link_1044243518" MODIFIED="1547496719846" TEXT="40-70%, possibly"/>
<node CREATED="1282738500618" ID="Freemind_Link_32957618" MODIFIED="1547496719846" TEXT="40% or below, not sufficient"/>
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<node CREATED="1282738416546" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1474357495" MODIFIED="1547677069629" TEXT="2d">
<node CREATED="1282738571762" ID="Freemind_Link_850861535" MODIFIED="1547496719847" TEXT="Barriers to entry"/>
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<node CREATED="1282738526210" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_998226609" MODIFIED="1547677069632" TEXT="in the relevant market">
<node CREATED="1282738598954" ID="Freemind_Link_939884070" MODIFIED="1547496719847" TEXT="market definition is key"/>
<node CREATED="1282739038693" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_991179979" MODIFIED="1547677069631" TEXT="product market">
<node CREATED="1282739050494" ID="Freemind_Link_903784421" MODIFIED="1547496719847" TEXT="what are the substitutes?"/>
<node CREATED="1282739058558" ID="Freemind_Link_1518997560" MODIFIED="1547496719848" TEXT="who are the customers?"/>
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<node CREATED="1282739080006" ID="Freemind_Link_723149924" MODIFIED="1547496719848" TEXT="geographical market"/>
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<node CREATED="1282738724748" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_23904624" MODIFIED="1547677069633" TEXT="Exclusionary conduct">
<node CREATED="1282738745260" ID="Freemind_Link_134969987" MODIFIED="1547496719848" TEXT="predatory or coercive conduct that violates Sherman Act &#xa7;1, or"/>
<node CREATED="1282738820786" ID="Freemind_Link_1442226289" MODIFIED="1547496719849" TEXT="intentional conduct aimed at acquiring, maintaining or exercising monopoly power"/>
<node CREATED="1282740399878" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_512219760" MODIFIED="1547677069632" TEXT="Examples:">
<node CREATED="1282740403742" ID="Freemind_Link_248505649" MODIFIED="1547496719849" TEXT="Predatory pricing with a dangerous probability of recouping discounts"/>
<node CREATED="1282740425190" ID="Freemind_Link_1556154837" MODIFIED="1547496719850" TEXT="Denial of access to essential facilities"/>
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<node CREATED="1282739114422" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1530033355" MODIFIED="1547677069634" TEXT="Attempted monopolization">
<node CREATED="1282739121886" ID="Freemind_Link_117154385" MODIFIED="1547496719851" TEXT="Dangerous probability of success, and"/>
<node CREATED="1282739151614" ID="Freemind_Link_1223284869" MODIFIED="1547496719851" TEXT="Specific intent"/>
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<node CREATED="1282740451054" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1034233639" MODIFIED="1547677069634" TEXT="Monopsony">
<node CREATED="1282740455422" ID="Freemind_Link_553274900" MODIFIED="1547496719851" TEXT="Monopsony counts as monopoly for Sherman Act &#xa7;2"/>
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<node CREATED="1282676636199" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1939046974" MODIFIED="1547677069639" TEXT="Intellectual property and antitrust">
<node CREATED="1282762294130" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1556005349" MODIFIED="1547677069635" TEXT="IP">
<node CREATED="1282762344342" ID="Freemind_Link_362014590" MODIFIED="1547496719852" TEXT="Legal monopolies"/>
<node CREATED="1282762331893" ID="Freemind_Link_1058509257" MODIFIED="1547496719852" TEXT="Patents"/>
<node CREATED="1282762334292" ID="Freemind_Link_524194220" MODIFIED="1547496719852" TEXT="Copyrights"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762360618" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1237094461" MODIFIED="1547677069639" TEXT="When does antitrust limit IP monopolies?">
<node CREATED="1282762426067" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_52849323" MODIFIED="1547677069638" TEXT="Generally, trying to get more than the monopoly is supposed to grant">
<node CREATED="1282762640343" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1670645969" MODIFIED="1547677069636" TEXT="Permitted">
<node CREATED="1282762643418" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1624738990" MODIFIED="1547677069636" TEXT="Charging customers monopoly rents">
<node CREATED="1282762690493" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_368960134" MODIFIED="1547677069636" TEXT="Example:">
<node CREATED="1282762656893" ID="Freemind_Link_1464013169" MODIFIED="1547496719854" TEXT="Charging ultra-high prices for drugs that cancer patients will die without"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1282762793655" ID="Freemind_Link_1259748620" MODIFIED="1547496719854" TEXT="Exclusive licenses"/>
<node CREATED="1282762787105" ID="Freemind_Link_1488063123" MODIFIED="1547496719854" TEXT="Limiting output"/>
<node CREATED="1282762781168" ID="Freemind_Link_481711454" MODIFIED="1547496719855" TEXT="Refusing to manufacture"/>
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<node CREATED="1282763028480" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_969186992" MODIFIED="1547677069636" TEXT="Generally okay">
<node CREATED="1282763034531" ID="Freemind_Link_363296963" MODIFIED="1547496719855" TEXT="Patent pools"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762527580" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_318991924" MODIFIED="1547677069637" TEXT="May violate Sherman Act">
<node CREATED="1282762507505" ID="Freemind_Link_491802753" MODIFIED="1547496719857" TEXT="Grant-back clauses"/>
<node CREATED="1282762533817" ID="Freemind_Link_39416723" MODIFIED="1547496719857" TEXT="Patent accumulations"/>
<node CREATED="1282762959893" ID="Freemind_Link_428419971" MODIFIED="1547496719857" TEXT="Tying arrangements"/>
<node CREATED="1282762991880" ID="Freemind_Link_229895" MODIFIED="1547496719857" TEXT="Blockbooking"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762524543" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_964697488" MODIFIED="1547677069637" TEXT="Not allowed">
<node CREATED="1282762441217" ID="Freemind_Link_1077903423" MODIFIED="1547496719855" TEXT="Fixing prices of unpatented articles made by patented machine"/>
<node CREATED="1282762602481" ID="Freemind_Link_1465990196" MODIFIED="1547496719856" TEXT="Agreements for royalties that continue after the expiration of the patent"/>
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</node>
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<node CREATED="1282676656536" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_147711183" MODIFIED="1547677069646" TEXT="Price discrimination">
<node CREATED="1282761423642" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1618353103" MODIFIED="1547677069646" TEXT="Robinson-Patman Act">
<node CREATED="1282761464283" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1864593595" MODIFIED="1547677069644" TEXT="15 U.S.C. 13(a) (amendment to Clayton Act)">
<node CREATED="1282761625068" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_301458955" MODIFIED="1547677069640" TEXT="Text">
<node CREATED="1282761629455" ID="Freemind_Link_39054069" MODIFIED="1547496719858" TEXT="It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality, where either or any of the purchases involved in such discrimination are in commerce, where such commodities are sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, and where the effect of such discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, or to injure, destroy, or prevent competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives the benefit of such discrimination, or with customers of either of them"/>
<node CREATED="1282761641055" ID="Freemind_Link_1216082472" MODIFIED="1547496719859" TEXT="(With numerous exceptions)"/>
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<node CREATED="1282761440467" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_818203443" MODIFIED="1547677069642" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1282761691543" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1290676192" MODIFIED="1547677069640" TEXT="Engaged in interstate commerce">
<node CREATED="1282761697768" ID="Freemind_Link_1883058744" MODIFIED="1547496719859" TEXT="Construed narrowly - must generate discrimination across a state line"/>
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<node CREATED="1282761764455" ID="Freemind_Link_829005713" MODIFIED="1547496719860" TEXT="Discriminate in price between different purchasers"/>
<node CREATED="1282761784818" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1316043944" MODIFIED="1547677069640" TEXT="Commodities of like grade and quantity">
<node CREATED="1282761798693" ID="Freemind_Link_1945441751" MODIFIED="1547496719861" TEXT="must be tangible goods"/>
<node CREATED="1282761811580" ID="Freemind_Link_1216173144" MODIFIED="1547496719861" TEXT="services and intangible goods do not count"/>
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<node CREATED="1282761824205" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_660369026" MODIFIED="1547677069641" TEXT="Injure competition with any person who grants such discrimination">
<node CREATED="1282761847442" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_62177983" MODIFIED="1547677069640" TEXT="Primary-line injury">
<node CREATED="1282761858342" ID="Freemind_Link_659974208" MODIFIED="1547496719862" TEXT="a substantial and sustained price drop in a limited area which has the intended effect of hurting a smaller competitor"/>
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<node CREATED="1282761939379" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_435627138" MODIFIED="1547677069641" TEXT="Secondary-line injury">
<node CREATED="1282761948317" ID="Freemind_Link_1916865271" MODIFIED="1547496719863" TEXT="a competitor of an advantaged buyer who received a discriminatorily low price"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762009955" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1544669609" MODIFIED="1547677069641" TEXT="Tertiary-line injury">
<node CREATED="1282762017717" ID="Freemind_Link_804797919" MODIFIED="1547496719864" TEXT="a customer of a buyer who was disadvantaged by discriminatory prices, when that customer is then disadvantaged in competition with customers who received the advantage of lowered prices"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762138056" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1406675247" MODIFIED="1547677069644" TEXT="Defenses">
<node CREATED="1282762141692" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_589595614" MODIFIED="1547677069643" TEXT="Justified cost differences">
<node CREATED="1282762155568" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1149564759" MODIFIED="1547677069643" TEXT="Examples:">
<node CREATED="1282762160768" ID="Freemind_Link_1476379572" MODIFIED="1547496719865" TEXT="higher transporation costs"/>
<node CREATED="1282762168805" ID="Freemind_Link_405903045" MODIFIED="1547496719865" TEXT="higher production costs"/>
<node CREATED="1282762173867" ID="Freemind_Link_757796262" MODIFIED="1547496719865" TEXT="higher distribution costs"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762182555" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_125076998" MODIFIED="1547677069644" TEXT="Changing conditions">
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<node CREATED="1282762211806" ID="Freemind_Link_1141495678" MODIFIED="1547496719866" TEXT="Shifting market demand or supply"/>
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<node CREATED="1282762246418" ID="Freemind_Link_1866288564" MODIFIED="1547496719866" TEXT="Meeting competition in good faith"/>
<node CREATED="1282762253218" ID="Freemind_Link_1649963393" MODIFIED="1547496719866" TEXT="De minimis effect"/>
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<node CREATED="1282676686649" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1166089834" MODIFIED="1547677069648" TEXT="Mergers">
<node CREATED="1282762270730" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_188961919" MODIFIED="1547677069646" TEXT="Clayton Act &#xa7;7">
<node CREATED="1282763532744" ID="Freemind_Link_94180231" MODIFIED="1547496719867" TEXT="Prohibits mergers where effect may be to substantially lessen competition"/>
<node CREATED="1282763623869" ID="Freemind_Link_317008465" MODIFIED="1547496719867" TEXT="Prophylactic"/>
<node CREATED="1282763713969" ID="Freemind_Link_67276139" MODIFIED="1547496719867" TEXT="Makes Sherman Act &#xa7;1 inapplicable to mergers"/>
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<node CREATED="1282763780881" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1494440987" MODIFIED="1547677069648" TEXT="Hart-Scott-Rodino">
<node CREATED="1282763788420" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1165119480" MODIFIED="1547677069646" TEXT="Requires advance notice of some mergers">
<node CREATED="1282763802482" ID="Freemind_Link_729721749" MODIFIED="1547496719869" TEXT="DOJ or FTC can then review and conduct a hearing"/>
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<node CREATED="1282763854782" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_981555879" MODIFIED="1547677069648" TEXT="Competitive justifications for mergers">
<node CREATED="1282763864094" ID="Freemind_Link_680606284" MODIFIED="1547496719869" TEXT="Smaller competitors merging to tackle a bigger rival"/>
<node CREATED="1282763877957" ID="Freemind_Link_341840032" MODIFIED="1547496719870" TEXT="One company won&apos;t survive without merger"/>
<node CREATED="1282763888607" ID="Freemind_Link_366748405" MODIFIED="1547496719870" TEXT="Barriers to entry are low"/>
<node CREATED="1282763895182" ID="Freemind_Link_82154492" MODIFIED="1547496719871" TEXT="Increased operating efficiences"/>
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<node CREATED="1282763962845" ID="Freemind_Link_1873613991" MODIFIED="1547496719871" TEXT="Private plaintiffs usually lack standing, enforcement by government"/>
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</node>
<node COLOR="#006699" CREATED="1547678741043" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1806455954" MODIFIED="1547679648198" POSITION="right" STYLE="fork" TEXT="About this mindmap ...">
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<node CREATED="1547678675980" ID="ID_333896413" MODIFIED="1547679645421" STYLE="fork" TEXT="Antitrust Mindmap. This version copyright 2019 Eric E. Johnson. Konomark. Most rights sharable. If you would like to modify this document for your own use in studying, go ahead. If you&apos;d like to redistribute this document or modify for teaching purposes, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. I like hearing from fellow teachers and lawyers, and I&apos;m almost always happy to give permission to re-use my materials on a gratis basis. (For publishing companies and large educational services corporations, however, licensing fees are nice.)">
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