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<node CREATED="1219843456772" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1611782834" MODIFIED="1548718430225" TEXT="Trade secret">
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<node CREATED="1219856716693" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1064774281" MODIFIED="1548718430233" TEXT="What is copyrightable?">
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<node CREATED="1453400048622" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_754808250" MODIFIED="1548718430263" TEXT="must operate to produce the results claimed">
<node CREATED="1453400075827" ID="ID_1026371824" MODIFIED="1453400096302" TEXT="very low threshold, must be completely incapable of achieving claimed result"/>
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<node CREATED="1453400111102" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_855776017" MODIFIED="1548718430266" TEXT="specific utility (practical utility)">
<node CREATED="1453400141226" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_658353521" MODIFIED="1548718430265" TEXT="there must be a specific thing the invention does that is useful">
<node CREATED="1453400157376" ID="ID_872514960" MODIFIED="1453400175451" TEXT="e.g., a new compound cannot be claimed to be useful as a paperweight"/>
<node CREATED="1453400176233" ID="ID_1303345473" MODIFIED="1453400202369" TEXT="tends mainly to be an issue in chemistry and biotechnology"/>
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<node CREATED="1453400211172" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_525422410" MODIFIED="1548718430267" TEXT="substantial utility">
<node CREATED="1453400220506" ID="ID_1011003972" MODIFIED="1453400232907" TEXT="can be considered a subset of specific utility"/>
<node CREATED="1453400233476" ID="ID_719091092" MODIFIED="1453400242885" TEXT="must be a current, real-world benefit to the invention"/>
<node CREATED="1453400243713" ID="ID_1574734628" MODIFIED="1453400257265" TEXT="tends to be an issue in chemistry and biotech"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859292737" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_230471279" MODIFIED="1548718430273" TEXT="novelty">
<node CREATED="1453400771246" ID="ID_1924644573" MODIFIED="1453400804696" TEXT="the invention must be NEW"/>
<node CREATED="1453401120493" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1506996516" MODIFIED="1548718430269" TEXT="AIA reforms">
<node CREATED="1453401126974" ID="ID_269491288" MODIFIED="1453401193442" TEXT="huge overhaul of novelty law"/>
<node CREATED="1453401194477" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_170003928" MODIFIED="1548718430268" TEXT="Pre-AIA law">
<node CREATED="1453401212741" ID="ID_33548542" MODIFIED="1548172306698" TEXT="for applications filed on or before March 15, 2013"/>
<node CREATED="1453401297122" ID="ID_659678388" MODIFIED="1453401314887" TEXT="applies going forward to all patents issued from such applications"/>
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<node CREATED="1453401245494" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1534607512" MODIFIED="1548718430268" TEXT="AIA law">
<node CREATED="1453401248121" ID="ID_1267515690" MODIFIED="1453401257864" TEXT="for applications filed on or after March 16, 2013"/>
<node CREATED="1453401319590" ID="ID_1912361664" MODIFIED="1453401330072" TEXT="applies going forward to all patents issued from such applications"/>
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<node CREATED="1453400734976" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1614144327" MODIFIED="1548718430273" TEXT="different senses of newness">
<node CREATED="1453400749624" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_721893459" MODIFIED="1548718430269" TEXT="anticipation">
<node CREATED="1453400918084" ID="ID_1236354746" MODIFIED="1453400931106" TEXT="the invention is already found in the &quot;prior art&quot;"/>
<node CREATED="1453400845749" ID="ID_279626796" MODIFIED="1453400980426" TEXT="i.e., the invention was known to the public before applicant&apos;s &quot;invention&quot;"/>
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<node CREATED="1453400992420" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_870597844" MODIFIED="1548718430271" TEXT="priority">
<node CREATED="1453400995115" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1198309279" MODIFIED="1548718430270" TEXT="where there are two applicants for the same invention">
<node CREATED="1453401016431" ID="ID_1184154121" MODIFIED="1453401029466" TEXT="Pre-AIA: first to invent"/>
<node CREATED="1453401030303" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_566553728" MODIFIED="1548718430269" TEXT="Post-AIA: &quot;first to file&quot;">
<node CREATED="1453401057190" ID="ID_572269337" MODIFIED="1453401074604" TEXT="sort of - it&apos;s actually more complicated than that"/>
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<node CREATED="1453401338084" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_942187863" MODIFIED="1548718430272" TEXT="statutory bars">
<node CREATED="1453401341787" ID="ID_732103603" MODIFIED="1484677907165" TEXT="inventors can lose their rights to patent by waiting too long after they publicly disclose "/>
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<node CREATED="1453401383784" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_172771322" MODIFIED="1548718430272" TEXT="derivation">
<node CREATED="1453401385971" ID="ID_282998914" MODIFIED="1453401402047" TEXT="the applicant inventor must be the true inventor"/>
<node CREATED="1453401402907" ID="ID_57410901" MODIFIED="1453401414648" TEXT="cannot have taken someone else&apos;s invention"/>
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<node CREATED="1453401460935" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_336314927" MODIFIED="1548718430272" TEXT="NOTE">
<node CREATED="1453401464686" ID="ID_1089794229" MODIFIED="1453401494429" TEXT="these categories of newness corresponded well to the pre-AIA &#xa7;102"/>
<node CREATED="1453401495425" ID="ID_551953619" MODIFIED="1484677897837" TEXT="the new &#xa7;102 does not divide things up this way, although the concepts still in there "/>
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<node CREATED="1219859298099" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_120967630" MODIFIED="1548718430281" TEXT="nonobviousness">
<node CREATED="1220895563937" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_498601357" MODIFIED="1548718430273" TEXT="35 USC 103(a)">
<node CREATED="1220895609848" ID="Freemind_Link_502236154" MODIFIED="1220895613509" TEXT="A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102 of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made."/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1484678016752" ID="ID_1436787854" MODIFIED="1484678937747" TEXT="starting from the prior art, is the invention obvious to a phosita? "/>
<node CREATED="1484678039572" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1432894373" MODIFIED="1548718430280" TEXT="Graham analysis">
<node CREATED="1484678181894" ID="ID_1432837952" MODIFIED="1484678191240" TEXT="Determine the scope and content of the prior art"/>
<node CREATED="1484678193146" ID="ID_1628977571" MODIFIED="1484678220815" TEXT="Ascertain the differences between the prior art and the invention as claimed"/>
<node CREATED="1484678222991" ID="ID_413046801" MODIFIED="1484678246321" TEXT="Determine the level ordinary skill in the pertinent art"/>
<node CREATED="1484678256301" ID="ID_260206596" MODIFIED="1484678269731" TEXT="Determine nonobviousness with reference to above"/>
<node CREATED="1484678270841" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_218778827" MODIFIED="1548718430274" TEXT="Also may consider secondary factors (&quot;Graham factors&quot;)">
<node CREATED="1484678688433" ID="ID_1022164563" MODIFIED="1484678697402" TEXT="Long-felt but unsolved need"/>
<node CREATED="1484678699308" ID="ID_1584121502" MODIFIED="1484678707364" TEXT="Others have tried and failed"/>
<node CREATED="1484678774485" ID="ID_626337415" MODIFIED="1484678777856" TEXT="Commercial success"/>
<node CREATED="1484678780238" ID="ID_1076159422" MODIFIED="1484678783778" TEXT="Unexpected results"/>
<node CREATED="1484678788527" ID="ID_969816240" MODIFIED="1484678793624" TEXT="Scepticism of others"/>
<node CREATED="1484678800406" ID="ID_1925839989" MODIFIED="1484678803197" TEXT="Acquiesence"/>
<node CREATED="1484678804260" ID="ID_1977197140" MODIFIED="1484678807167" TEXT="Copying"/>
<node CREATED="1484678808328" ID="ID_230754015" MODIFIED="1484678814545" TEXT="Adoption by industry"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1453407079872" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1001602776" MODIFIED="1548718430281" TEXT="the &quot;wow&quot; test">
<node CREATED="1453407087654" ID="ID_1026479166" MODIFIED="1453407097763" TEXT="(not recognized by any court ...)"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1219859304886" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1203515253" MODIFIED="1548718430282" TEXT="enablement">
<node CREATED="1220895672022" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1223748728" MODIFIED="1548718430282" TEXT="35 USC &#xa7;112">
<node CREATED="1220895679472" ID="Freemind_Link_1804848031" MODIFIED="1220895688312" TEXT="The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out his invention. ..."/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1484678949108" ID="ID_1151314102" MODIFIED="1484679011855" TEXT="Must explain in writing how to build and operate the invention clearly and completely enough that a phosita could do it "/>
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<node COLOR="#3300ff" CREATED="1453401756957" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1454716562" MODIFIED="1548718430285" TEXT="Some key concepts">
<node CREATED="1453401759981" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_916690878" MODIFIED="1548718430282" TEXT="These requirements are important in two contexts">
<node CREATED="1453401774287" ID="ID_660142006" MODIFIED="1453401790733" TEXT="whether the USPTO will allow an application"/>
<node CREATED="1453401791549" ID="ID_1256136179" MODIFIED="1453401816667" TEXT="whether a defendant can successfully prove the affirmative defense of invalidity"/>
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<node CREATED="1484678075243" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_395484846" MODIFIED="1548718430285" TEXT="The PHOSITA">
<node CREATED="1484678830211" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_344372163" MODIFIED="1548718430284" TEXT="Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art">
<node CREATED="1548173338150" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1726023488" MODIFIED="1548718430284" TEXT="comes up under">
<node CREATED="1548173341832" ID="ID_1898377363" MODIFIED="1548173350305" TEXT="103 - nonobviousness"/>
<node CREATED="1548173351709" ID="ID_416516694" MODIFIED="1548686773845" TEXT="112 - enablement">
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<node CREATED="1484678842882" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1868402779" MODIFIED="1548718430285" TEXT="The importance of claims">
<node CREATED="1484678851884" ID="ID_1349456682" MODIFIED="1484678859595" TEXT="Everything is determined in reference to the claims"/>
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</node>
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<node CREATED="1219859340136" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1709318568" MODIFIED="1548718430286" TEXT="Duration">
<node CREATED="1219859343136" ID="Freemind_Link_1784081237" MODIFIED="1453402053942" TEXT="from date of issuance to 20 years from date of application"/>
<node CREATED="1220895799970" ID="Freemind_Link_174140169" MODIFIED="1453402147878" TEXT="for applications before June 8, 1995, 17 years from date of issue"/>
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<node CREATED="1220895701072" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1722111553" MODIFIED="1548718430287" TEXT="Infringement">
<node CREATED="1220895705109" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1223446325" MODIFIED="1548718430287" TEXT="claims">
<node CREATED="1220895719696" ID="Freemind_Link_1268956409" MODIFIED="1220895723895" TEXT="literal infringement"/>
<node CREATED="1220895724484" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1807625652" MODIFIED="1548718430287" TEXT="doctrine of equivalents">
<node CREATED="1453402167729" ID="ID_1570375109" MODIFIED="1453402198753" TEXT="allows for infringement not meeting the literal lanugage of the claims"/>
<node CREATED="1220895784321" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1976142784" MODIFIED="1548718430287" TEXT="file-wrapper estoppel">
<node CREATED="1453402210076" ID="ID_1946719788" MODIFIED="1453402233339" TEXT="prevents plaintiffs from using the doctrine of equivalents where ground was surrendered in prosecution"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859384635" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1976651322" MODIFIED="1548718430288" TEXT="Remedies">
<node CREATED="1219859388385" ID="Freemind_Link_1144651072" MODIFIED="1219859394129" TEXT="reasonable royalties"/>
<node CREATED="1219859394597" ID="Freemind_Link_211034224" MODIFIED="1219859397016" TEXT="lost profits"/>
<node CREATED="1219859397360" ID="Freemind_Link_319019713" MODIFIED="1219859399729" TEXT="injunction"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1219859088065" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1754723225" MODIFIED="1548718430291" TEXT="Design">
<node CREATED="1453410298444" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_773786992" MODIFIED="1548718430289" TEXT="jurisdiction and governing law">
<node CREATED="1453410307570" ID="ID_356825108" MODIFIED="1453412753118" TEXT="generally the same as with utility patents"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1453408393263" ID="ID_660669836" MODIFIED="1453408422766" TEXT="for designs, including furniture, etc."/>
<node CREATED="1453408434745" ID="ID_1587719360" MODIFIED="1453408460515" TEXT="much easier to get than a utility patent"/>
<node CREATED="1453408465270" ID="ID_41975009" MODIFIED="1453408525061" TEXT="formerly thought to be not very valuable"/>
<node CREATED="1453408526721" ID="ID_410019651" MODIFIED="1453409973856" TEXT="trend toward more applications and litigation"/>
<node CREATED="1453408387952" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1062761445" MODIFIED="1548718430290" TEXT="requirements">
<node CREATED="1219859259037" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_698017192" MODIFIED="1548718430289" TEXT="novelty">
<node CREATED="1453410604063" ID="ID_893755031" MODIFIED="1453410609335" TEXT="same as for utility patents"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859254687" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1832054350" MODIFIED="1548718430289" TEXT="ornamental">
<node CREATED="1453410562350" ID="ID_1549036006" MODIFIED="1453410570022" TEXT="not dictated by function"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859262012" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1743674846" MODIFIED="1548718430289" TEXT="nonobviousness">
<node CREATED="1453410611460" ID="ID_1361572753" MODIFIED="1453410614419" TEXT="not much of a limit"/>
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<node CREATED="1453410581670" ID="ID_1785664538" MODIFIED="1453410586075" TEXT="on a functional article"/>
<node CREATED="1453410587232" ID="ID_87207195" MODIFIED="1453410590925" TEXT="enablement"/>
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<node CREATED="1453409984946" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1313322646" MODIFIED="1548718430290" TEXT="infringement">
<node CREATED="1453409992797" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1628241161" MODIFIED="1548718430290" TEXT="test">
<node CREATED="1453409994548" ID="ID_903672948" MODIFIED="1453409998895" TEXT="drawings"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1453410000568" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1408202070" MODIFIED="1548718430291" TEXT="duration">
<node CREATED="1453410003954" ID="ID_569147338" MODIFIED="1453410151041" TEXT="14 years from issuance for applications filed before May 13, 2015 "/>
<node CREATED="1453410155010" ID="ID_1245177624" MODIFIED="1453410192959" TEXT="15 years from issuance for applications filed after May 12, 2015"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1219859091165" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_527440672" MODIFIED="1548718430292" TEXT="Plant">
<node CREATED="1453410315109" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_598865298" MODIFIED="1548718430292" TEXT="jurisdiction and governing law">
<node CREATED="1453410323521" ID="ID_1533930999" MODIFIED="1453412704251" TEXT="generally the same as with utility patents"/>
<node CREATED="1453412704953" ID="ID_1910782277" MODIFIED="1453412719064" TEXT="Plant Patent Act of 1930 is the main source of law"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1219859220675" ID="Freemind_Link_1749034689" MODIFIED="1453410350980" TEXT="asexually produced strain of plant"/>
<node CREATED="1453410657533" ID="ID_248130956" MODIFIED="1453410690519" TEXT="from issuance to 20 years from date of application"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1219859100377" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1774975099" MODIFIED="1548718430293" TEXT="Plant variety protection">
<node CREATED="1219859230675" ID="Freemind_Link_255041163" MODIFIED="1453410356929" TEXT="sexually produced variety of plant"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1219859094715" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_153107049" MODIFIED="1548718430293" TEXT="Mask work">
<node CREATED="1453410429661" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1009400125" MODIFIED="1548718430293" TEXT="U.S federal law">
<node CREATED="1453412813975" ID="ID_1209378862" MODIFIED="1453412825054" TEXT="Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1453410419162" ID="ID_1388034879" MODIFIED="1453410428702" TEXT="for semiconductor chips"/>
<node CREATED="1453410473713" ID="ID_1592207492" MODIFIED="1453410480896" TEXT="10-year duration"/>
<node CREATED="1453410481624" ID="ID_1998813993" MODIFIED="1453410485092" TEXT="registration required"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859109864" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1593364954" MODIFIED="1548718430294" TEXT="Vessel hull design">
<node CREATED="1453410439314" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1760243161" MODIFIED="1548718430294" TEXT="U.S. federal law">
<node CREATED="1453412783127" ID="ID_197787516" MODIFIED="1453412795237" TEXT="Vessel Hull Design Protection Act of 1998"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1453410443849" ID="ID_951997484" MODIFIED="1453410464877" TEXT="for hulls of boats and ships"/>
<node CREATED="1453410489189" ID="ID_1809340048" MODIFIED="1453410494463" TEXT="10-year duration"/>
<node CREATED="1453410495000" ID="ID_1029300542" MODIFIED="1453410498897" TEXT="registration required"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859137614" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_745500307" MODIFIED="1548718430294" TEXT="Geographical designation of origin">
<node CREATED="1453412841323" ID="ID_1062200859" MODIFIED="1453412861488" TEXT="no general scheme in the U.S."/>
<node CREATED="1453412850884" ID="ID_547170707" MODIFIED="1453412868803" TEXT="important in Europe"/>
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<node CREATED="1219859145989" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_469448959" MODIFIED="1548718430295" TEXT="Database protection">
<node CREATED="1453412872428" ID="ID_1900296209" MODIFIED="1453412877776" TEXT="not in the U.S."/>
<node CREATED="1453412878822" ID="ID_1110687160" MODIFIED="1453412887219" TEXT="available in Europe"/>
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</node>
<node COLOR="#006699" CREATED="1547678741043" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1806455954" MODIFIED="1548718430295" POSITION="right" STYLE="fork" TEXT="About this mindmap ...">
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<node CREATED="1547678675980" ID="ID_333896413" MODIFIED="1547679601029" STYLE="fork" TEXT="Intellectual Property Mindmap. This version copyright 2019 Eric E. Johnson. Konomark. Most rights sharable. If you would like to modify this document for your own use in studying, go ahead. If you&apos;d like to redistribute this document or modify for teaching purposes, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. I like hearing from fellow teachers and lawyers, and I&apos;m almost always happy to give permission to re-use my materials on a gratis basis. (For publishing companies and large educational services corporations, however, licensing fees are nice.)">
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