<map version="0.9.0">
<!-- To view this file, download free mind mapping software FreeMind from http://freemind.sourceforge.net -->
<node CREATED="1179192950222" ID="Freemind_Link_1982395039" MODIFIED="1219840680643" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Torts">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1179193040218" ID="_" MODIFIED="1315326180046" POSITION="right" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Lineal torts">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1179196305460" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_257100052" MODIFIED="1188307949751" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intentional torts">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1188307738655" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482738337" MODIFIED="1188307949750" TEXT="Generally">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188307750999" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_705155684" MODIFIED="1188307949728" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188307776743" ID="Freemind_Link_1740358424" MODIFIED="1188307949714" TEXT="Volitional movement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307783303" ID="Freemind_Link_1861908156" MODIFIED="1188307949703" TEXT="Not reflex">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179196360196" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1737636603" MODIFIED="1188307949690" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1737636603" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="0;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_965005543" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="0;0;"/>
<node CREATED="1179196377447" ID="Freemind_Link_521010912" MODIFIED="1188307949673" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The conception of intent differs from tort to tort under the heading of &quot;intentional torts&quot;">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307651630" ID="Freemind_Link_1819488340" MODIFIED="1188307949659" TEXT="Substantial certainty counts as intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307707927" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1811320892" MODIFIED="1188307949646" TEXT="Transferred intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188307715671" ID="Freemind_Link_1777839170" MODIFIED="1188307949632" TEXT="Person to person">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307721880" ID="Freemind_Link_984191538" MODIFIED="1188307949619" TEXT="Tort to tort">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299404142" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1487825660" MODIFIED="1188307949604" TEXT="Motive is irrelevant, and is distinguished from intent.">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299437030" ID="Freemind_Link_1792868985" MODIFIED="1188308170101" TEXT="(Note that whether evidence of motive can be used at trial to establish intent or another element is a question for evidence law.)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307800319" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1449982026" MODIFIED="1188307949589" TEXT="No issue of incompetence">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188307810311" ID="Freemind_Link_171601976" MODIFIED="1188471685481" TEXT="Children as well as the mentally ill, developmentally disabled, and demented can commit intentional torts">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307868199" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1861532339" MODIFIED="1188307949564" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188307871927" ID="Freemind_Link_1045989298" MODIFIED="1188307949544" TEXT="Actual">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307874983" ID="Freemind_Link_1146505636" MODIFIED="1188307949531" TEXT="Proximate">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188307879007" ID="Freemind_Link_974689515" MODIFIED="1188307949513" TEXT="(Causation is considered in more depth under the heading of negligence, but the same concepts apply)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193100772" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_605742427" MODIFIED="1188307949491" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The torts (causes of action)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193178996" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_780742172" MODIFIED="1188308166800" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Assault">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193667153" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1462792877" MODIFIED="1188308166343" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193671065" ID="Freemind_Link_707575901" MODIFIED="1188913383805" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="An intentional creation of an immediate apprehension of a harmful or offensive touching ">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193737402" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1491551839" MODIFIED="1188308165588" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193742369" ID="Freemind_Link_758119212" MODIFIED="1188308165129" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193748090" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_94618121" MODIFIED="1188308164751" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298794078" ID="Freemind_Link_1821609462" MODIFIED="1188913406487" TEXT="Can be intent to effect an assault">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298803230" ID="Freemind_Link_528562695" MODIFIED="1188308163918" TEXT="or intent to effect a battery">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298047746" ID="Freemind_Link_1059227805" MODIFIED="1188308163538" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193754473" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1053364713" MODIFIED="1188308163086" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Apprehension">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188297944074" ID="Freemind_Link_42231645" MODIFIED="1188308162677" TEXT="Fear distinguished from apprehension">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298076506" ID="Freemind_Link_1905652747" MODIFIED="1188308162301" TEXT="Apparent ability sufficient">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298088786" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_187150296" MODIFIED="1188308161845" TEXT="Words alone are not sufficient">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298103410" ID="Freemind_Link_499572146" MODIFIED="1188308161475" TEXT="But words can negate the effect of conduct">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193853678" ID="Freemind_Link_402630258" MODIFIED="1188308161015" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Immediacy">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193169133" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_977629892" MODIFIED="1188308160640" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Battery">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193562913" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1260881823" MODIFIED="1188308160178" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179193591201" ID="Freemind_Link_1427041760" MODIFIED="1188308159808" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="An intentional infliction of a harmful or offensive touching of a person">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193948631" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1102996217" MODIFIED="1188308159353" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179196060660" ID="Freemind_Link_1735873355" MODIFIED="1188308158974" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179196067109" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1106045043" MODIFIED="1188308158519" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298735238" ID="Freemind_Link_796880939" MODIFIED="1188308158148" TEXT="Can be intent to effect a battery">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298775174" ID="Freemind_Link_1629813847" MODIFIED="1188471719522" TEXT="or intent to effect an assault">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298035986" ID="Freemind_Link_563585774" MODIFIED="1188308157400" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179196070317" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_690372790" MODIFIED="1188308156946" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Touching">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298230700" ID="Freemind_Link_1306822570" MODIFIED="1188471740108" TEXT="Can be direct or indirect (e.g., setting something in motion, laying a trap)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298270740" ID="Freemind_Link_1307776247" MODIFIED="1188308156117" TEXT="Touching of a person includes anything connected to the person">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179196080069" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_830624601" MODIFIED="1188308155749" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Harmful or Offensive">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298202660" ID="Freemind_Link_1422373812" MODIFIED="1188308155292" TEXT="Judged by a reasonable-person standard">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298703902" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_529432589" MODIFIED="1188308154924" TEXT="Issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298707918" ID="Freemind_Link_710662115" MODIFIED="1188308154551" TEXT="&quot;Eggshell plaintiff&quot; rule">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193187884" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_23262255" MODIFIED="1188308154097" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="False Imprisonment">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179197069408" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_166957054" MODIFIED="1188308153629" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188294809533" ID="Freemind_Link_1543132944" MODIFIED="1188471883022" TEXT="The intentional confinement, experienced or harmful, of a person to a bounded area">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197073448" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1081786460" MODIFIED="1188308152857" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1179197077936" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_68298100" MODIFIED="1188308152488" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act (or omission)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298490798" ID="Freemind_Link_344515585" MODIFIED="1188308152034" TEXT="Failure to release">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197088000" ID="Freemind_Link_390412642" MODIFIED="1188308151666" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298018482" ID="Freemind_Link_558887266" MODIFIED="1188308151214" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197094832" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_218237828" MODIFIED="1188308150841" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Confinement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298418996" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_776912108" MODIFIED="1188308150388" TEXT="Sufficient methods of confinement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298446190" ID="Freemind_Link_622333321" MODIFIED="1188308150023" TEXT="Physical barriers">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298453262" ID="Freemind_Link_965276826" MODIFIED="1188308149650" TEXT="Physical force">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298458598" ID="Freemind_Link_988161541" MODIFIED="1188308149204" TEXT="Threats of force">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298463078" ID="Freemind_Link_1517810734" MODIFIED="1188308148833" TEXT="Invalid assertion of legal authority">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298523126" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_238369937" MODIFIED="1188308148383" TEXT="Insufficient methods of confinement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298533974" ID="Freemind_Link_921503512" MODIFIED="1188308148012" TEXT="Moral pressure">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298541030" ID="Freemind_Link_317602811" MODIFIED="1188308147564" TEXT="Future threats">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298678366" ID="Freemind_Link_1213174381" MODIFIED="1188471901644" TEXT="Duration of confinement is irrelevant">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298588126" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1708330523" MODIFIED="1188308146817" TEXT="Bounded area">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298593166" ID="Freemind_Link_1814850810" MODIFIED="1188308146363" TEXT="Movement must be limited in all directions">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298613446" ID="Freemind_Link_1359675253" MODIFIED="1188471927206" TEXT="Any reasonable and reasonably knowable means of escape negates this element">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298658486" ID="Freemind_Link_691650115" MODIFIED="1188308145627" TEXT="The bounded area cannot be the rest of the world">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197105112" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1593695528" MODIFIED="1188308145180" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Awareness or harm">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298952766" ID="Freemind_Link_881766071" MODIFIED="1188471953303" TEXT="If plaintiff is unharmed, but is aware of the confinement, this element is satisfied">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188471954932" ID="Freemind_Link_1258707651" MODIFIED="1188472009183" TEXT="Likewise, if plaintiff is unaware of the confinement, but is harmed by it, the confinement, this element is satisfied"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193208060" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1090051187" MODIFIED="1188308144364" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Outrage">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188294888172" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_167542001" MODIFIED="1188308143991" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188294899020" ID="Freemind_Link_571965884" MODIFIED="1188308143626" TEXT="The intentional or reckless infliction, by extreme and outrageous conduct, of severe emotional distress&#xa;">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188294893084" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1448954898" MODIFIED="1188308143256" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188295038593" ID="Freemind_Link_600895959" MODIFIED="1188308142809" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188295049409" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_529893214" MODIFIED="1188308142442" TEXT="Intent or recklessness">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188472077907" ID="Freemind_Link_1270201255" MODIFIED="1188472089918" TEXT="Note that recklessness counts as &quot;intent&quot; for outrage"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188295069025" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1398139707" MODIFIED="1188308142078" TEXT="Extreme and outrageous conduct">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188472092971" ID="Freemind_Link_437628877" MODIFIED="1188472113158" TEXT="The standard here is high -- must be truly outrageous"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188297996954" ID="Freemind_Link_1867047124" MODIFIED="1188308141629" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188295083097" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_122646650" MODIFIED="1188308141265" TEXT="Severe emotional distress">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298381356" ID="Freemind_Link_1882779528" MODIFIED="1188308140898" TEXT="Must be enough that plaintiff sought medical attention">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188297886191" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_668574216" MODIFIED="1188308140454" TEXT="Issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188297892402" ID="Freemind_Link_236394283" MODIFIED="1188472286543" TEXT="The &quot;eggshell plaintiff&quot; doctrine does not apply to allow unusually sensitive plaintiffs to recover for act that would not cause severe emotional distress in persons generally">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188472288179" ID="Freemind_Link_1403986829" MODIFIED="1188472332559" TEXT="However, if the defendant knows about the unusual sensitivity, a cause of action will lie"/>
<node CREATED="1188299002390" ID="Freemind_Link_3085041" MODIFIED="1188472367783" TEXT="Outrage is also known as &quot;intentional infliction of emotional distress&quot; or &quot;IIED&quot;">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197221476" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815157284" MODIFIED="1188308139252" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Trespass to land">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298981414" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_880134744" MODIFIED="1188308138810" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298986734" ID="Freemind_Link_924120677" MODIFIED="1220624052836" TEXT="An intentional physical invasion of a person&apos;s real property">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299051446" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_73247317" MODIFIED="1188308137995" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299055494" ID="Freemind_Link_1273942899" MODIFIED="1188308137625" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299068094" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_849320359" MODIFIED="1188308137184" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299197691" ID="Freemind_Link_637287482" MODIFIED="1188308136818" TEXT="The only intent needed is the intent to do the act that results in the physical invasion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299227387" ID="Freemind_Link_1959862202" MODIFIED="1188308136456" TEXT="Not knowing that the land belongs to another person does not negate the intent element">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299076126" ID="Freemind_Link_911297591" MODIFIED="1188308136004" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299079278" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1443266165" MODIFIED="1188308135641" TEXT="Physical invasion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299090134" ID="Freemind_Link_405341563" MODIFIED="1188308135192" TEXT="Person or object">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299113376" ID="Freemind_Link_1184254174" MODIFIED="1188308134827" TEXT="Does not include intangibles, e.g., vibrations or odors">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299084046" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_957202826" MODIFIED="1188308134382" TEXT="Real property">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299157019" ID="Freemind_Link_1336192124" MODIFIED="1188308134019" TEXT="Surface">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299173475" ID="Freemind_Link_838333822" MODIFIED="1188308133650" TEXT="Subsurface">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299179363" ID="Freemind_Link_1157007163" MODIFIED="1188308133214" TEXT="Airspace to a reasonable distance">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197225941" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_812087076" MODIFIED="1188308132847" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Trespass to chattels">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299258467" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1998947121" MODIFIED="1188308132401" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299262859" ID="Freemind_Link_176522853" MODIFIED="1188308132035" TEXT="An intentional interference with plaintiff&apos;s chattel by physical contact or dispossession">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299375606" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1186593565" MODIFIED="1188308131677" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299378670" ID="Freemind_Link_584773080" MODIFIED="1188308131231" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299381102" ID="Freemind_Link_1182382117" MODIFIED="1188308130870" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299384918" ID="Freemind_Link_98642406" MODIFIED="1188308130507" TEXT="Causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302373368" ID="Freemind_Link_114622232" MODIFIED="1188308130068" TEXT="Interference">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302426161" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1588869234" MODIFIED="1188308129708" TEXT="With right of posession">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302501148" ID="Freemind_Link_1432671569" MODIFIED="1188308129348" TEXT="Physical contact">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302517708" ID="Freemind_Link_155342271" MODIFIED="1188308128980" TEXT="Dispossession">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302530068" ID="Freemind_Link_1957781380" MODIFIED="1188308128545" TEXT="Interference with use">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302494772" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1420944990" MODIFIED="1188308128182" TEXT="Chattel">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302556756" ID="Freemind_Link_1262839325" MODIFIED="1188308127743" TEXT="Not people">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302560772" ID="Freemind_Link_1977962452" MODIFIED="1188308127378" TEXT="Not real property">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302565052" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1284033893" MODIFIED="1188308127019" TEXT="Not intangible property">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302985455" ID="Freemind_Link_1579522476" MODIFIED="1188308126575" TEXT="Unless reduced to a tangible form (e.g., negotiable bearer bond)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302604556" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_474600789" MODIFIED="1188308126217" TEXT="Issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302608437" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1108823001" MODIFIED="1188308125852" TEXT="Distinguish from conversion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302620316" ID="Freemind_Link_189235229" MODIFIED="1188308125411" TEXT="(see notes below)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179197248549" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1234278151" MODIFIED="1188308125047" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Conversion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302673540" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_166742207" MODIFIED="1188308124671" TEXT="Statement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302677772" ID="Freemind_Link_368420491" MODIFIED="1188472400551" TEXT="An intentional exercise of dominion or control over a chattel which so substantially interferes with the plaintiff&apos;s rights as to require defendant to be forced to purchase it">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302776036" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1233455631" MODIFIED="1188308123834" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302779916" ID="Freemind_Link_1180421612" MODIFIED="1188308123470" TEXT="Act">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302785540" ID="Freemind_Link_660248677" MODIFIED="1188308123033" TEXT="Intent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302791020" ID="Freemind_Link_1236386643" MODIFIED="1188913471951" TEXT="Interference">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302800580" ID="Freemind_Link_1934234718" MODIFIED="1188308122313" TEXT="Chattel">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302803876" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_369096677" MODIFIED="1188472423103" TEXT="Substantiality">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188472430403" ID="Freemind_Link_1203240855" MODIFIED="1188472452921" TEXT="So substantial, the act warrants a forced sale"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302845268" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_2533999" MODIFIED="1188308121503" TEXT="Issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302849644" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_670279372" MODIFIED="1188913581863" TEXT="Distinguishing conversion from trespass to chattels">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302869181" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1176940025" MODIFIED="1188308120302" TEXT="Factors militating in favor of conversion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188302898860" ID="Freemind_Link_1268313153" MODIFIED="1188308119852" TEXT="Length of time withheld">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302909428" ID="Freemind_Link_15814406" MODIFIED="1188308119486" TEXT="Amount and severity of damage">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188303030263" ID="Freemind_Link_870620579" MODIFIED="1188308119117" TEXT="&quot;Totaled&quot;">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188303038039" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1915819752" MODIFIED="1188308118672" TEXT="Factors tending to negate conversion">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188303049831" ID="Freemind_Link_1224891580" MODIFIED="1188308118299" TEXT="Repairable damage">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188303060639" ID="Freemind_Link_1733188843" MODIFIED="1188308117931" TEXT="Temporary nature of deprivation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188472460339" ID="Freemind_Link_914265485" MODIFIED="1188472495063" TEXT="In the remedy for conversion, after paying damages, the defendant retains the converted property"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298861078" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_303607022" MODIFIED="1188307949477" TEXT="Issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298865950" ID="Freemind_Link_851109293" MODIFIED="1188308117099" TEXT="&quot;Eggshell plaintiff&quot; rule">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298876686" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482779529" MODIFIED="1188307949463" TEXT="Defenses">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188298879974" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1837917488" MODIFIED="1188308116281" TEXT="Consent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907474086" ID="Freemind_Link_42825652" MODIFIED="1188907477266" TEXT="Scope"/>
<node CREATED="1188907478414" ID="Freemind_Link_1122341217" MODIFIED="1188907499898" TEXT="Express, implied in fact, implied by law"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298899310" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_282442069" MODIFIED="1188308115906" TEXT="Defense of self">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907560093" ID="Freemind_Link_591744880" MODIFIED="1188907651440" TEXT="A person is entitled to use reasonable force to prevent any reasonably believed threat of imminent battery or false imprisonment"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298907870" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_401999780" MODIFIED="1188308115527" TEXT="Defense of others">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907665724" ID="Freemind_Link_265139230" MODIFIED="1188907757078" TEXT="Same as self defense, but in a majority of jurisdictions, a mistake in perceiving a threat, even if reasonable, will void the defense"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188907536150" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_959946702" MODIFIED="1188907542241" TEXT="Defense of property">
<node CREATED="1188907759867" ID="Freemind_Link_1325806999" MODIFIED="1188907846989" TEXT="A person is entitled to use reasonable force to protect land and chattels"/>
<node COLOR="#ff0000" CREATED="1188907847681" ID="Freemind_Link_1699062365" MODIFIED="1188907892225" TEXT="WARNING: There is more to this!  Read up on N.D. law before shooting anyone.">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188908141460" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_963004123" MODIFIED="1188908144873" TEXT="Arrest">
<node CREATED="1188908179575" ID="Freemind_Link_1182308697" MODIFIED="1188908182227" TEXT="Police"/>
<node CREATED="1188908182863" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_937327978" MODIFIED="1188908186453" TEXT="Citizen">
<node CREATED="1188908188919" ID="Freemind_Link_1594935738" MODIFIED="1188908239607" TEXT="Privilege is much more limited than for police"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298883270" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_165496352" MODIFIED="1188308115080" TEXT="Private necessity">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907899581" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1990536684" MODIFIED="1188908005588" TEXT="A person is privileged to invade the property rights of another to avoid injury to person or property, but must pay compensatory damages">
<node CREATED="1188908009004" ID="Freemind_Link_1338373347" MODIFIED="1188908034472" TEXT="Note: Necessity is a defense to property torts only: trespass and conversion"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298889622" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1999641447" MODIFIED="1188308114719" TEXT="Public necessity">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188908040412" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1896813188" MODIFIED="1188908086907" TEXT="Same as for private necessity, but where the community at large is threatened, no compensatory damages are owed.">
<node CREATED="1188908099980" ID="Freemind_Link_1894082142" MODIFIED="1188908102450" TEXT="Note: Necessity is a defense to property torts only: trespass and conversion "/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1219831707668" ID="Freemind_Link_230337964" MODIFIED="1315326181593" TEXT="Accident torts">
<node CREATED="1179193119876" ID="Freemind_Link_1129427303" MODIFIED="1315326183390" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Negligence">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1184970954735" ID="Freemind_Link_1646083012" MODIFIED="1315326184343" TEXT="Elements">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1184970967025" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1767901674" MODIFIED="1315499631406" TEXT="Duty">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188728988200" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1495602598" MODIFIED="1188728994190" TEXT="General duty">
<node CREATED="1188729004154" ID="Freemind_Link_435461521" MODIFIED="1188913502167" TEXT="A general duty of care is owed to all foreseeable plaintiffs"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188728994762" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1509454071" MODIFIED="1188729165854" TEXT="Specific situations">
<node CREATED="1188729040906" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_920875951" MODIFIED="1188729056016" TEXT="Rescuers">
<node CREATED="1188729057362" ID="Freemind_Link_380140131" MODIFIED="1188913521046" TEXT="A rescuer is a foreseeable plaintiff where the defendant negligently put the self or a third person in peril.  &quot;Danger invites rescue.&quot;"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729167386" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1980145715" MODIFIED="1188729248745" TEXT="Unborn, unconceived children">
<node CREATED="1188729249290" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1794635805" MODIFIED="1188729301574" TEXT="Differs by jurisdiction.">
<node CREATED="1188729302167" ID="Freemind_Link_1297787373" MODIFIED="1188729324979" TEXT="Wrongful birth"/>
<node CREATED="1188729325615" ID="Freemind_Link_1582831257" MODIFIED="1188729329123" TEXT="Wrongful life"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903711945" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1883664118" MODIFIED="1188903725184" TEXT="No affirmative duty to act">
<node CREATED="1188903725697" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1572882974" MODIFIED="1188903728809" TEXT="Exceptions">
<node CREATED="1188903730881" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_767822415" MODIFIED="1188903746672" TEXT="Assumption of duty by acting">
<node CREATED="1188903747385" ID="Freemind_Link_340225832" MODIFIED="1188903808325" TEXT="Exception: good samaritan statutes exempting medical professionals from liability for ordinary, but not gross, negligence in voluntarily acting to help someone"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903810673" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1311963019" MODIFIED="1188903864650" TEXT="Peril caused by negligence">
<node CREATED="1188903869190" ID="Freemind_Link_763896387" MODIFIED="1188903894890" TEXT="Defendant has a duty to assist someone in peril because of the defendant&apos;s negligence"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903914302" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_322868523" MODIFIED="1188903926218" TEXT="Common carriers, innkeepers, shopkeepers">
<node CREATED="1188903948993" ID="Freemind_Link_1973398953" MODIFIED="1188904002053" TEXT="Those who solicit and gather the public for their own profit owe a duty to aid patrons"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1184970986683" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_518170828" MODIFIED="1315501015296" TEXT="Breach of duty">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1184970973899" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_746630758" MODIFIED="1315501013906" TEXT="Standard of care">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188729350791" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1854227760" MODIFIED="1315499602812" TEXT="General standard">
<node CREATED="1188729360655" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1183514384" MODIFIED="1188729370949" TEXT="Reasonable person">
<node CREATED="1188729796681" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_477537442" MODIFIED="1188729867578" TEXT="The care that would be exercised by a reasonable person under the circumstances">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1188729825929" ID="Freemind_Link_1791035232" MODIFIED="1188729850548" TEXT="Example: Looking in the rear-view mirror before backing up"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729371431" ID="Freemind_Link_1957120466" MODIFIED="1188729375379" TEXT="Objective standard"/>
<node CREATED="1188729375847" ID="Freemind_Link_221517567" MODIFIED="1188729407107" TEXT="Mental deficiencies not taken into account"/>
<node CREATED="1188729407791" ID="Freemind_Link_1433478366" MODIFIED="1188729415107" TEXT="Inexperience not taken into account"/>
<node CREATED="1188729415703" ID="Freemind_Link_1473524575" MODIFIED="1188729428531" TEXT="Physical disabilities and limitations are taken into account"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729440031" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1062928513" MODIFIED="1315501013125" TEXT="Specific standards">
<node CREATED="1188729450359" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_424191653" MODIFIED="1188729475813" TEXT="Professionals">
<node CREATED="1188729477279" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1048972890" MODIFIED="1188913606207" TEXT="General practitioner">
<node CREATED="1188729500007" ID="Freemind_Link_603305332" MODIFIED="1188913618311" TEXT="The knowledge, skill, and custom of practice among practitioners in the local community">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729543815" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815796946" MODIFIED="1188729546495" TEXT="Specialist">
<node CREATED="1188729547047" ID="Freemind_Link_79835238" MODIFIED="1188729872826" TEXT="The knowledge, skill, and custom of practice among members of the specialty across the nation">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729763353" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_245128547" MODIFIED="1188729767201" TEXT="Children">
<node CREATED="1188729767993" ID="Freemind_Link_56247610" MODIFIED="1188729945933" TEXT="That of a child of like age, education, intelligence, and experience">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729946785" ID="Freemind_Link_1297983801" MODIFIED="1188729978357" TEXT="Children under four generally do not have the capacity to be negligent"/>
<node CREATED="1188729978801" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1005361552" MODIFIED="1188730019194" TEXT="Exception: children engaged in an adult activity">
<node CREATED="1188730020617" ID="Freemind_Link_1086916381" MODIFIED="1188730057584" TEXT="The relevant adult standard of care for the activity">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730062065" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1160229457" MODIFIED="1315501011593" TEXT="Bailment">
<node CREATED="1188730108608" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1282857916" MODIFIED="1188730115016" TEXT="Bailor">
<node CREATED="1188730115527" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1314142135" MODIFIED="1188730128023" TEXT="Gratuitous bailment">
<node CREATED="1188730128599" ID="Freemind_Link_1537532752" MODIFIED="1188730157315" TEXT="Must inform of known, dangerous defects in chattel">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730167903" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1861249768" MODIFIED="1188730171944" TEXT="Bailment for hire">
<node CREATED="1188730172759" ID="Freemind_Link_1822464891" MODIFIED="1188730227707" TEXT="Must inform of known and reasonably discoverable defects in the chattel">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730234447" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_169512105" MODIFIED="1188730236872" TEXT="Bailee">
<node CREATED="1188730237471" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_578646896" MODIFIED="1188730257247" TEXT="Sole benefit of bailor">
<node CREATED="1188730262079" ID="Freemind_Link_219158779" MODIFIED="1188730267011" TEXT="Low standard">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730271839" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1641025383" MODIFIED="1188730289512" TEXT="Mutual benefit of bailor and bailee">
<node CREATED="1188730290599" ID="Freemind_Link_181406916" MODIFIED="1188730300875" TEXT="Ordinary care standard">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730302711" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_701664569" MODIFIED="1188730309753" TEXT="Sole benefit of bailee">
<node CREATED="1188730310311" ID="Freemind_Link_667789495" MODIFIED="1188730319547" TEXT="High standard of care">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730322495" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1844827486" MODIFIED="1315501010734" TEXT="Owners/occupiers of land">
<node CREATED="1315327786843" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_694738945" MODIFIED="1315499536796" TEXT="Conditions">
<node CREATED="1188730406793" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1860589522" MODIFIED="1315499383265" TEXT="Trespassers">
<node CREATED="1188730465705" ID="Freemind_Link_1753142942" MODIFIED="1315326265796" TEXT="Undiscovered">
<node CREATED="1188902383962" ID="Freemind_Link_1566225272" MODIFIED="1188902391880" TEXT="No duty"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730482057" ID="Freemind_Link_1742842655" MODIFIED="1315326292828" TEXT="Discovered/anticipated">
<node CREATED="1188902397340" ID="Freemind_Link_1844109403" MODIFIED="1188903020520" TEXT="Duty to warn or make safe concealed artificial conditions, known to the owner/occupier, involving risk of death or serious bodily injury "/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730439049" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1170251379" MODIFIED="1315499382390" TEXT="Infant trespassers">
<node CREATED="1188902476604" ID="Freemind_Link_1642473220" MODIFIED="1315326707656" TEXT="&quot;Attractive nuisance&quot; doctrine">
<node CREATED="1188902515252" ID="Freemind_Link_1000726899" MODIFIED="1315326719078" TEXT="Duty to avoid foreseeable risk to children caused by artificial conditions, if:">
<node CREATED="1188902551932" ID="Freemind_Link_95917491" MODIFIED="1188902590488" TEXT="A dangerous artificial condition the owner/occupier does or should know about"/>
<node CREATED="1188902591046" ID="Freemind_Link_1269129000" MODIFIED="1188902612888" TEXT="The owner/occupier knows or should know that children frequent the area"/>
<node CREATED="1188902626045" ID="Freemind_Link_1539422489" MODIFIED="1188902640168" TEXT="The condition is dangerous to children"/>
<node CREATED="1188902640524" ID="Freemind_Link_538901023" MODIFIED="1188902686192" TEXT="Cost/benefit analysis: the expense of remedying condition is slight compared to magnitude of risk"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730444353" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_884914987" MODIFIED="1315327749109" TEXT="Licensees">
<node CREATED="1188902746743" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1678380926" MODIFIED="1315327746781" TEXT="Persons who enter land with permission for their own benefit, rather than the benefit of the owner/occupier.  (Licensees include friends and contractors coming on to the premises to make sales or repairs.)&#xa;">
<node CREATED="1188902928742" ID="Freemind_Link_25228337" MODIFIED="1188903114259" TEXT="Duty to warn of or make safe any known, concealed dangerous condition (whether natural or artificial)"/>
<node CREATED="1188903070560" ID="Freemind_Link_234752919" MODIFIED="1188903077971" TEXT="No duty to inspect"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188730451449" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1924645183" MODIFIED="1315499536093" TEXT="Invitees">
<node CREATED="1188903161226" ID="Freemind_Link_1401448447" MODIFIED="1315327057796" TEXT="Persons entering land with permission for the owner/occupier&apos;s business or as members of the public on land open to the public">
<node CREATED="1188903245962" ID="Freemind_Link_587850361" MODIFIED="1188903386004" TEXT="Same duty as to licensees, plus a duty to inspect and render safe concealed dangers"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1315327791546" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_447832058" MODIFIED="1315499151000" TEXT="Activities">
<node CREATED="1315327834828" ID="ID_1314707287" MODIFIED="1315327839187" TEXT="Everybody">
<node CREATED="1315327818140" ID="ID_1549999273" MODIFIED="1315327845843" TEXT="Reasonable person standard of care"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903403592" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_70304972" MODIFIED="1315499545171" TEXT="Statutory standard (negligence per se)">
<node CREATED="1188903456240" ID="Freemind_Link_1353027495" MODIFIED="1188903515388" TEXT="When applicable, statute&apos;s specific standard replaces the general negligence standard"/>
<node CREATED="1188903516648" ID="Freemind_Link_833557300" MODIFIED="1315328197875" TEXT="Test: class-of-persons/class-of-risk">
<node CREATED="1188903607047" ID="Freemind_Link_155125651" MODIFIED="1188903624443" TEXT="The plaintiff is in the class of persons the statute was designed to protect"/>
<node CREATED="1188903625191" ID="Freemind_Link_295678537" MODIFIED="1188903651787" TEXT="The harm suffered is among the risks that the statute was designed to protect against"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904230108" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1854018484" MODIFIED="1315501002734" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1188904024689" ID="Freemind_Link_791725257" MODIFIED="1188904089991" TEXT="Issue for jury or trier of fact"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904233924" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_577036234" MODIFIED="1315500183140" TEXT="Special case">
<node CREATED="1188904090643" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1272061416" MODIFIED="1188904096988" TEXT="Res ipsa loquitor">
<node CREATED="1188904097475" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_567732596" MODIFIED="1188904150155" TEXT="The very occurrence of an event may rebuttably establish negligence, if:">
<node CREATED="1188904150931" ID="Freemind_Link_984020301" MODIFIED="1188904179143" TEXT="The accident is of the type that would not normally occur absent negligence"/>
<node CREATED="1188904179683" ID="Freemind_Link_1419595540" MODIFIED="1188904206807" TEXT="The instrumentalities of the accident were in defendant&apos;s sole control"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1184971019795" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1230114927" MODIFIED="1315500837890" TEXT="Actual causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188904322921" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1089986026" MODIFIED="1315500503703" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1188904269083" ID="Freemind_Link_1939177211" MODIFIED="1188904280662" TEXT="&quot;But for&quot; test"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904281283" ID="Freemind_Link_754795955" MODIFIED="1315500511437" TEXT="Joint causes"/>
<node CREATED="1188904342641" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1913102676" MODIFIED="1315500799484" TEXT="Summers v. Tice problem">
<node CREATED="1188904359561" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_989640261" MODIFIED="1315500796515" TEXT="Multiple defendants acted, but only one caused injury">
<node CREATED="1188904407173" ID="Freemind_Link_775957156" MODIFIED="1188913652327" TEXT="Burden of proof shifts to defendants, each to negate his or her own negligence"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1184971027131" ID="Freemind_Link_391866056" MODIFIED="1315501158171" TEXT="Proximate causation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188904462557" ID="Freemind_Link_124154950" MODIFIED="1315501343953" TEXT="Foresseeability test">
<node CREATED="1188904562382" ID="Freemind_Link_440872266" MODIFIED="1188904629521" TEXT="The extent or severity of harm is always considered foreseeable (eggshell plaintiff rule)"/>
<node CREATED="1188904592270" ID="Freemind_Link_1910229559" MODIFIED="1188904617473" TEXT="Negligence of medical professionals is always considered foreseeable"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1184970990475" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_363878026" MODIFIED="1188308111575" TEXT="Damages">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188904655381" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1726561713" MODIFIED="1188904921719" TEXT="Sufficient kinds of compensatory damages">
<node CREATED="1188904661309" ID="Freemind_Link_1531207929" MODIFIED="1188904675080" TEXT="Personal injury"/>
<node CREATED="1188904675733" ID="Freemind_Link_1289773213" MODIFIED="1188904681136" TEXT="Property damage"/>
<node CREATED="1189081988193" ID="Freemind_Link_404555722" MODIFIED="1282836577047" TEXT="Severe emotional distress (for NIED only) [filed under oblique torts]">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904757923" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1036957438" MODIFIED="1188904834165" TEXT="Not mere economic damages, harm to reputation, or other oblique injuries">
<node CREATED="1188904782685" ID="Freemind_Link_1124807459" MODIFIED="1188904872311" TEXT="(But note that oblique injuries may create liability covered under the heading of oblique torts)"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904878899" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1828773793" MODIFIED="1188904886293" TEXT="Punitive damages">
<node CREATED="1188904886851" ID="Freemind_Link_748549492" MODIFIED="1188904938863" TEXT="Compensatory damages are a prerequisite"/>
<node CREATED="1188904939363" ID="Freemind_Link_1768898320" MODIFIED="1188904961703" TEXT="Conduct must be wanton, willful, reckless, or malicious"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188904967115" ID="Freemind_Link_1659522220" MODIFIED="1188904977151" TEXT="Duty to mitigate"/>
<node CREATED="1188905038067" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1006278846" MODIFIED="1188905047157" TEXT="Collateral source rule">
<node CREATED="1188905047771" ID="Freemind_Link_1047669210" MODIFIED="1282836523976" TEXT="Damages are not reduced because plaintiff has collateral sources (insurance, charity)">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905090019" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_408504792" MODIFIED="1188905092973" TEXT="Defenses">
<node CREATED="1188905180854" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_478157501" MODIFIED="1188905201386" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905093555" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1408160967" MODIFIED="1188905104782" TEXT="Contributory negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905169270" ID="Freemind_Link_1957482509" MODIFIED="1188905176146" TEXT="Complete bar to recovery"/>
<node CREATED="1188905217056" ID="Freemind_Link_137418952" MODIFIED="1188905249779" TEXT="Most jurisdictions have rejected contributory negligence in favor of comparative negligence"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905251952" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_600123127" MODIFIED="1188905256483" TEXT="Comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905358030" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1627161976" MODIFIED="1188905403135" TEXT="Pure comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905404069" ID="Freemind_Link_748847489" MODIFIED="1188905420576" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is reduced by percentage of fault"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905422236" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1035517365" MODIFIED="1188905437519" TEXT="Partial comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905438100" ID="Freemind_Link_190021880" MODIFIED="1188905484256" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is contingent upon defendant meeting a certain threshold percentage of fault"/>
<node CREATED="1188905484988" ID="Freemind_Link_1963220287" MODIFIED="1188905514608" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is then reduced by percentage of fault "/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905517756" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815051059" MODIFIED="1188905544823" TEXT="Assumption of risk">
<node CREATED="1188905545291" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1961077917" MODIFIED="1188905549710" TEXT="Express agreement">
<node CREATED="1188905550427" ID="Freemind_Link_1606436000" MODIFIED="1188905569041" TEXT="Not valid for certain defendants, including common carriers"/>
<node CREATED="1188905569667" ID="Freemind_Link_1706100074" MODIFIED="1188905581774" TEXT="Not valid for gross negligence or willful acts"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905583147" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1242274936" MODIFIED="1188905585568" TEXT="Implied">
<node CREATED="1188905586027" ID="Freemind_Link_1696926978" MODIFIED="1188905630408" TEXT="Based on the circumstances, plaintiff impliedly assumed the risk"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905713991" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1393082101" MODIFIED="1189026528361" TEXT="Strict liability">
<node CREATED="1189026905825" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1888860078" MODIFIED="1189026908503" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1189026909094" ID="Freemind_Link_1181263172" MODIFIED="1189026940038" TEXT="Under special circumstances, liability may be imposed without a showing of negligence or other form of culpability"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905720439" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1072620844" MODIFIED="1188905729884" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1188905730575" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_897173704" MODIFIED="1188905822435" TEXT="Absolute responsibility for safety">
<node CREATED="1188905990030" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1966672089" MODIFIED="1295454300994" TEXT="Trespassing livestock">
<node CREATED="1295454213589" ID="Freemind_Link_1379742138" MODIFIED="1295454222250" TEXT="does not include dogs and cats"/>
<node CREATED="1295454362804" ID="Freemind_Link_1259000877" MODIFIED="1295454373440" TEXT="must be a forseeable harm"/>
<node CREATED="1295454557050" ID="Freemind_Link_461241602" MODIFIED="1295454566654" TEXT="land abutting a highway is excused"/>
<node CREATED="1295454349861" ID="Freemind_Link_829213459" MODIFIED="1295454362088" TEXT="&quot;fence in&quot; vs. &quot;fence out&quot;"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188906005822" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_700373439" MODIFIED="1295454405704" TEXT="Wild animals">
<node CREATED="1295454406812" ID="Freemind_Link_1422580805" MODIFIED="1295454468443" TEXT="if kept"/>
<node CREATED="1295454469376" ID="Freemind_Link_229596696" MODIFIED="1295454471363" TEXT="on property, to licensees and invitees"/>
<node CREATED="1295454409933" ID="Freemind_Link_1145775607" MODIFIED="1295454446459" TEXT="off property if escaped"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188906066206" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1580415598" MODIFIED="1295454610310" TEXT="Domestic animals with known, vicious propensities">
<node CREATED="1295454476672" ID="Freemind_Link_1648327758" MODIFIED="1295454484115" TEXT="compare to regular negligence"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188906162602" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_38733715" MODIFIED="1189081708713" TEXT="Ultrahazardous / abnormally dangerous activities">
<node CREATED="1189081764353" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_460508029" MODIFIED="1189081771409" TEXT="Factors">
<node CREATED="1189081772148" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_407488579" MODIFIED="1189081796137" TEXT="Degree of danger">
<node CREATED="1189081796690" ID="Freemind_Link_781297722" MODIFIED="1295454647882" TEXT="Risk of harm"/>
<node CREATED="1295454636727" ID="Freemind_Link_1566625134" MODIFIED="1295454642018" TEXT="Magnitude of harm"/>
<node CREATED="1189081803650" ID="Freemind_Link_998469946" MODIFIED="1295454675850" TEXT="Inevitability / inability to render safe"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1189081810386" ID="Freemind_Link_626931297" MODIFIED="1189081820205" TEXT="Uncommonness of activity in area"/>
<node CREATED="1295454683408" ID="Freemind_Link_236638765" MODIFIED="1295454722226" TEXT="Cost benefit analysis; value of activity to community versus risk of harm created (Restatement, Posner)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1189081821746" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_270154599" MODIFIED="1189081824133" TEXT="Examples">
<node CREATED="1189081824698" ID="Freemind_Link_1207918876" MODIFIED="1189081826965" TEXT="Blasting"/>
<node CREATED="1189081827578" ID="Freemind_Link_1995875421" MODIFIED="1189081831077" TEXT="Oil drilling"/>
<node CREATED="1189081831874" ID="Freemind_Link_1704050418" MODIFIED="1189081834422" TEXT="Fumigation"/>
<node CREATED="1189081835778" ID="Freemind_Link_1084030166" MODIFIED="1189081840066" TEXT="Crop dusting"/>
<node CREATED="1295454506840" ID="Freemind_Link_163038393" MODIFIED="1295454510987" TEXT="Anything nuclear"/>
<node CREATED="1295454517680" ID="Freemind_Link_1361982222" MODIFIED="1295454529363" TEXT="Transportation of hazardous materials (maybe)"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188906528530" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1242885425" MODIFIED="1188906593359" TEXT="Defective products">
<node CREATED="1188906594144" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1656234894" MODIFIED="1188906660391" TEXT="Defendant must be a &quot;commercial supplier&quot; of the product at issue">
<node CREATED="1188906663443" ID="Freemind_Link_432568009" MODIFIED="1189081866646" TEXT="Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers are commercial suppliers"/>
<node CREATED="1188906689019" ID="Freemind_Link_358119836" MODIFIED="1188906700079" TEXT="Not casual sellers"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295459831004" ID="Freemind_Link_1917088610" MODIFIED="1295459840608" TEXT="Everyone in the chain can be liable"/>
<node CREATED="1295455013751" ID="Freemind_Link_808524683" MODIFIED="1295455026258" TEXT="Must be a good, not a service"/>
<node CREATED="1295455074799" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1314926031" MODIFIED="1295455162098" TEXT="Injury was to person or tangible property">
<node CREATED="1295455095511" ID="Freemind_Link_607770378" MODIFIED="1295455124818" TEXT="not the product itself; does not work as a warranty on the product"/>
<node CREATED="1295455162766" ID="Freemind_Link_251671394" MODIFIED="1295455210666" TEXT="does not cover purely monetary consequential damages flowing from failure to work right"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295454733087" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_983077752" MODIFIED="1295455033474" TEXT="The product must be defective">
<node CREATED="1295455034687" ID="Freemind_Link_1239991049" MODIFIED="1295455044098" TEXT="Compare defect element to negligence"/>
<node CREATED="1295454743239" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_730632699" MODIFIED="1295454747167" TEXT="Kinds of defects">
<node CREATED="1295454747743" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_446594982" MODIFIED="1295454755842" TEXT="Manufacturing defect">
<node CREATED="1295454774023" ID="Freemind_Link_1411967953" MODIFIED="1295454791562" TEXT="article departs from intended design"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295454756239" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1812765186" MODIFIED="1295454762971" TEXT="Design defect">
<node CREATED="1295454793031" ID="Freemind_Link_1932449400" MODIFIED="1295454814207" TEXT="the article, as designed, is unreasonably dangerous"/>
<node CREATED="1295454819431" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_518280096" MODIFIED="1295454825544" TEXT="two alternative tests">
<node CREATED="1295454825983" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_467612044" MODIFIED="1295454835232" TEXT="Consumer expectations test">
<node CREATED="1295454835831" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1327234721" MODIFIED="1295455005834" TEXT="the design is defective if it is more dangerous than an ordinary consumer would expect">
<node CREATED="1295454862591" ID="Freemind_Link_208461000" MODIFIED="1295454897986" TEXT="e.g., knife, shower"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295454905559" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_939991990" MODIFIED="1295454911784" TEXT="Risk-utility test">
<node CREATED="1295454912831" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1425946160" MODIFIED="1295454957800" TEXT="the design is defective if the risks of its design outweigh its utility">
<node CREATED="1295454958439" ID="Freemind_Link_1667970923" MODIFIED="1295454967698" TEXT="basically cost-benefit"/>
<node CREATED="1295454968047" ID="Freemind_Link_1272496211" MODIFIED="1295454973994" TEXT="juries can actually do this"/>
<node CREATED="1295454974319" ID="Freemind_Link_1067954364" MODIFIED="1295454988170" TEXT="e.g., lawn-mower dead-man&apos;s switch"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295454763431" ID="Freemind_Link_1253093885" MODIFIED="1295454767858" TEXT="Warning defect"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905749159" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_168804169" MODIFIED="1188905839803" TEXT="Actual causation">
<node CREATED="1188905927368" ID="Freemind_Link_458521943" MODIFIED="1188906792783" TEXT="Generally the same as for negligence, see above">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905840391" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_502915449" MODIFIED="1188905844843" TEXT="Proximate causation">
<node CREATED="1188905921711" ID="Freemind_Link_1205782934" MODIFIED="1188906800015" TEXT="Generally the same as for negligence, see above">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188905845535" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_568246881" MODIFIED="1188905848155" TEXT="Damages">
<node CREATED="1188905848727" ID="Freemind_Link_905704330" MODIFIED="1188906807447" TEXT="Generally the same as for negligence, see above">
<font ITALIC="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455398947" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1278182045" MODIFIED="1295455410155" TEXT="Non-tort legal regimes dealing with accidents">
<node CREATED="1295455410812" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1999127898" MODIFIED="1295455417018" TEXT="Worker&apos;s compensation">
<node CREATED="1295455417660" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1692737581" MODIFIED="1295455656827" TEXT="The worker&apos;s compensation trade-off">
<node CREATED="1295455426660" ID="Freemind_Link_927163205" MODIFIED="1295455630531" TEXT="sheilds employers from large compensatory and punitive damages awards"/>
<node CREATED="1295455589871" ID="Freemind_Link_132932449" MODIFIED="1295455650099" TEXT="makes it easier for employees to get money after an accident"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455657287" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_32186805" MODIFIED="1295455689082" TEXT="Comparison with negligence">
<node CREATED="1295455689525" ID="Freemind_Link_919712729" MODIFIED="1295455700337" TEXT="negligence not required"/>
<node CREATED="1295455700885" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1038628315" MODIFIED="1295455756960" TEXT="tort doctrines of causation are not used">
<node CREATED="1295455708589" ID="Freemind_Link_902846984" MODIFIED="1295455741473" TEXT="WC concept: &quot;in the course of and arising out of employment&quot;"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455779893" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1266190418" MODIFIED="1295455781804" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1295455782589" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1039521491" MODIFIED="1295455788449" TEXT="Personal injury">
<node CREATED="1295456376926" ID="Freemind_Link_1821469343" MODIFIED="1295456404390" TEXT="usually must have a physical component"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455794733" ID="Freemind_Link_1256124913" MODIFIED="1295455799641" TEXT="Resulting from an accident"/>
<node CREATED="1295455804165" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1059369838" MODIFIED="1295456603302" TEXT="That occurs in the course of employment">
<node CREATED="1295456405586" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_188197892" MODIFIED="1295456418732" TEXT="recreational activities">
<node CREATED="1295456419386" ID="Freemind_Link_861548407" MODIFIED="1295456435423" TEXT="covered if the employee is expected to participate"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295456446426" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1199295008" MODIFIED="1295456449116" TEXT="commuting">
<node CREATED="1295456449683" ID="Freemind_Link_1274960053" MODIFIED="1295456461374" TEXT="generally not covered"/>
<node CREATED="1295456461899" ID="Freemind_Link_1893722939" MODIFIED="1295456503942" TEXT="exceptions for necessary passages, special hazards near work, and returning to work"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455824421" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1906638727" MODIFIED="1295456612534" TEXT="And arises out of employment">
<node CREATED="1295456631050" ID="Freemind_Link_466545581" MODIFIED="1295456656389" TEXT="Occupational risks - always compensable"/>
<node CREATED="1295456657170" ID="Freemind_Link_710483066" MODIFIED="1295456667397" TEXT="Personal risks - never compensable"/>
<node CREATED="1295456668338" ID="Freemind_Link_1712912536" MODIFIED="1295456701830" TEXT="Risks in neither category - sometimes compensable"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455853940" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_58405132" MODIFIED="1295455855955" TEXT="Benefits">
<node CREATED="1295455856492" ID="Freemind_Link_338289858" MODIFIED="1295455883920" TEXT="Medical and rehabilitation care"/>
<node CREATED="1295455884620" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_59348000" MODIFIED="1295455888851" TEXT="Cash payments">
<node CREATED="1295455890892" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1122108549" MODIFIED="1295455901891" TEXT="Temporary partial disability">
<node CREATED="1295455902316" ID="Freemind_Link_688044620" MODIFIED="1295455963351" TEXT="A fraction of lost wages to corresond to reduced earnings caused by injury"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455916180" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1643600267" MODIFIED="1295455921449" TEXT="Temporary total disability">
<node CREATED="1295455922044" ID="Freemind_Link_490775361" MODIFIED="1295455948704" TEXT="Some percentage of wages during time unable to work"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295455965012" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_308593021" MODIFIED="1295455983938" TEXT="Permanent partial disability">
<node CREATED="1295455984516" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1343556618" MODIFIED="1295456013360" TEXT="scheduled (some states)">
<node CREATED="1295456123560" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1363354984" MODIFIED="1295456136184" TEXT="In Missouri:">
<node CREATED="1295456136736" ID="Freemind_Link_1362306860" MODIFIED="1295456190514" TEXT="loss of arm at shoulder - 232 weeks of compensation"/>
<node CREATED="1295456192183" ID="Freemind_Link_642592242" MODIFIED="1295456205354" TEXT="loss of arm at elbow joint - 210 weeks"/>
<node CREATED="1295456205983" ID="Freemind_Link_717526306" MODIFIED="1295456220962" TEXT="loss of arm between shoulder and elbow - 222 weeks"/>
<node CREATED="1295456240622" ID="Freemind_Link_1548994783" MODIFIED="1295456258938" TEXT="loss of toe, other than big toe, at distal joint - 8 weeks"/>
<node CREATED="1295456266670" ID="Freemind_Link_488900493" MODIFIED="1295456287993" TEXT="complete loss of sight in one eye - 140 weeks"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295456013796" ID="Freemind_Link_1055398191" MODIFIED="1295456019824" TEXT="unscheduled (other states)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295456290982" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1504548540" MODIFIED="1295456301461" TEXT="Permanent total disability">
<node CREATED="1295456301966" ID="Freemind_Link_940971236" MODIFIED="1295456321905" TEXT="based on lost earnings capacity"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295456323150" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_49758729" MODIFIED="1295456324567" TEXT="Death">
<node CREATED="1295456325270" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_238184994" MODIFIED="1295456353039" TEXT="varies">
<node CREATED="1295456353526" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1465649421" MODIFIED="1295456359646" TEXT="In Missouri:">
<node CREATED="1295456360182" ID="Freemind_Link_1316090115" MODIFIED="1295456371194" TEXT="no limit generally, but no more than $5,000 for burial"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295456722610" ID="Freemind_Link_65977183" MODIFIED="1295456764014" TEXT="Insurance"/>
<node CREATED="1295456741282" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1038536047" MODIFIED="1295456756749" TEXT="Health and safety regulation">
<node CREATED="1295456767930" ID="Freemind_Link_29439262" MODIFIED="1295456775286" TEXT="ex-ante vs. ex-post"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179193058924" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_736690864" MODIFIED="1219840680646" POSITION="left" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Oblique torts">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1269792068899" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_357784726" MODIFIED="1295623809425" TEXT="NIED">
<node CREATED="1295623812798" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1770771757" MODIFIED="1295623932545" TEXT="Bystanders, near-misses, special situations">
<node CREATED="1295623933897" ID="Freemind_Link_23055459" MODIFIED="1295623989380" TEXT="Has allowed recovery parents who watched a child die in an accident"/>
<node CREATED="1295623950810" ID="Freemind_Link_1019842716" MODIFIED="1295624026207" TEXT="Has allowed recover for fear of cancer developing in the future"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792106983" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_580164454" MODIFIED="1269792244590" TEXT="Negligently inflicted economic loss">
<node CREATED="1269792639234" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_978687300" MODIFIED="1269792646589" TEXT="Parasitic economic loss">
<node CREATED="1269792664208" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_161622873" MODIFIED="1269792692915" TEXT="Economic loss that flows from personal injury or property damage is recoverable.">
<node CREATED="1269792702384" ID="Freemind_Link_949756843" MODIFIED="1269792709852" TEXT="See discussion under lineal torts"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792648508" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1994320893" MODIFIED="1269792653003" TEXT="Pure economic loss">
<node CREATED="1269792569870" ID="Freemind_Link_747533065" MODIFIED="1269792581539" TEXT="General rule: not allowed"/>
<node CREATED="1188906828107" ID="Freemind_Link_1711475287" MODIFIED="1188906836135" TEXT="Attorney and accountant malpractice"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188907212946" ID="Freemind_Link_1579330656" MODIFIED="1188907214325" TEXT="Fraud"/>
<node CREATED="1188907310676" ID="Freemind_Link_421545578" MODIFIED="1269792166777" TEXT="Intentional interference with contract"/>
<node CREATED="1179196197647" ID="Freemind_Link_1897518943" MODIFIED="1269792279902" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intentional interference with prospective economic advantage">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792293982" ID="Freemind_Link_1754613587" MODIFIED="1269792306290" TEXT="Tortious breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing"/>
<node CREATED="1188907327380" ID="Freemind_Link_881911571" MODIFIED="1188907332575" TEXT="Breach of fiduciary duty"/>
<node CREATED="1269792306883" ID="Freemind_Link_762281353" MODIFIED="1269792318102" TEXT="Malicious procescution"/>
<node CREATED="1269792318932" ID="Freemind_Link_1136413941" MODIFIED="1269792333164" TEXT="Malicious institution of civil proceedings"/>
<node CREATED="1188907168661" ID="Freemind_Link_1629848748" MODIFIED="1188907176041" TEXT="Abuse of process"/>
<node CREATED="1179196183575" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_520798905" MODIFIED="1188728738644" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Defamation">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299988544" ID="Freemind_Link_1768454351" MODIFIED="1188728738638" TEXT="Trade libel">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1179196188999" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1404112457" MODIFIED="1188728738626" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Invasion of privacy">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1269792493983" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_627861533" MODIFIED="1269792498440" TEXT="Intrusion">
<node CREATED="1295624136436" ID="Freemind_Link_978373394" MODIFIED="1295624165917" TEXT="E.g., peeping"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792514071" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1276235457" MODIFIED="1269792518827" TEXT="False light">
<node CREATED="1295624170548" ID="Freemind_Link_1636990555" MODIFIED="1295624182151" TEXT="Like defamation, but need not be reputation harming"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792519533" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_861978913" MODIFIED="1269792522239" TEXT="Disclosure">
<node CREATED="1295624184023" ID="Freemind_Link_1483827149" MODIFIED="1295624201930" TEXT="Disclosure of embarassing facts to the public"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792522996" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_727604402" MODIFIED="1269792529129" TEXT="Right of publicity">
<node CREATED="1269792529858" ID="Freemind_Link_1737349965" MODIFIED="1269792544117" TEXT="a/k/a &quot;misappropriation&quot;"/>
<node CREATED="1295624516574" ID="Freemind_Link_248440940" MODIFIED="1295624542730" TEXT="Commercial use of another persons name, likeness, image, voice, etc."/>
<node CREATED="1295624543460" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_44010830" MODIFIED="1295624570530" TEXT="Substantive scope limited by">
<node CREATED="1295624572223" ID="Freemind_Link_781197466" MODIFIED="1295624575955" TEXT="First Amendment"/>
<node CREATED="1295624576398" ID="Freemind_Link_830815684" MODIFIED="1295624580442" TEXT="Copyright preemption"/>
<node CREATED="1295624580935" ID="Freemind_Link_24463053" MODIFIED="1295624589754" TEXT="Judicial fudging"/>
</node>
</node>
<node COLOR="#999999" CREATED="1295624488849" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1437879077" MODIFIED="1295624500949" TEXT="tip">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10"/>
<node COLOR="#ff0033" CREATED="1295624315295" ID="Freemind_Link_1025879761" MODIFIED="1295624484874" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="These torts tend to come up in the same fact patterns as defamation and outrage">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1294851468167" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1896920627" MODIFIED="1294851473464" TEXT="Family torts">
<node CREATED="1269792954147" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_982270718" MODIFIED="1269792961615" TEXT="Criminal conversation">
<node CREATED="1294851651064" ID="Freemind_Link_54749306" MODIFIED="1294851699212" TEXT="Sexual intercourse by a third party with one&apos;s spouse"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1269792838984" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1875532002" MODIFIED="1269792846753" TEXT="Alienation of affections">
<node CREATED="1294851612112" ID="Freemind_Link_592591648" MODIFIED="1294851693484" TEXT="Wrongful conduct by a third party that causes loss of consortium with one&apos;s spouse"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188907255492" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1893987738" MODIFIED="1188907258127" TEXT="Seduction">
<node CREATED="1294851638081" ID="Freemind_Link_1491898241" MODIFIED="1294851722132" TEXT="Conduct that causes loss of a woman&apos;s services"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299992561" ID="Freemind_Link_1514234002" MODIFIED="1188728738633" TEXT="False advertising">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188300000088" ID="Freemind_Link_1835609776" MODIFIED="1188728738630" TEXT="Trademark infringement">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188907277500" ID="Freemind_Link_345475818" MODIFIED="1188907284976" TEXT="Unfair business practices"/>
<node CREATED="1188907322516" ID="Freemind_Link_324377483" MODIFIED="1188907326767" TEXT="Breach of confidence"/>
<node CREATED="1188907234316" ID="Freemind_Link_981168858" MODIFIED="1188907239400" TEXT="Section 1983"/>
<node CREATED="1269793008247" ID="Freemind_Link_1901561763" MODIFIED="1269793013628" TEXT="Bivens actions"/>
<node CREATED="1188907241116" ID="Freemind_Link_1911416785" MODIFIED="1188907245527" TEXT="Civil RICO"/>
<node CREATED="1188907205010" ID="Freemind_Link_1789225264" MODIFIED="1188907211933" TEXT="Nuisance"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299726762" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_859239571" MODIFIED="1188307949399" POSITION="right" TEXT="Other issues">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1188299537214" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_772080430" MODIFIED="1188308109671" TEXT="Standard of proof">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188299545526" ID="Freemind_Link_686747008" MODIFIED="1189027443937" TEXT="Preponderance of evidence">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299554374" ID="Freemind_Link_986919996" MODIFIED="1188308108857" TEXT="For each element of cause of action or affirmative defense">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1181265679802" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1956167143" MODIFIED="1188308108482" TEXT="Remedies">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1181305036127" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1224944402" MODIFIED="1188308108036" TEXT="Damages">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1181305047639" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_546492068" MODIFIED="1188308107659" TEXT="Compensatory">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1181305073615" ID="Freemind_Link_1481042101" MODIFIED="1188308106862" TEXT="Special">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1181305076743" ID="Freemind_Link_244440685" MODIFIED="1188308106504" TEXT="General">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1181305057239" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_698176003" MODIFIED="1188308106143" TEXT="Nominal">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1295456819986" ID="Freemind_Link_610117675" MODIFIED="1295456831358" TEXT="E.g., $1"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1181305059879" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1355610645" MODIFIED="1188308105786" TEXT="Punitive">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1295456804570" ID="Freemind_Link_1458376038" MODIFIED="1295456812598" TEXT="Common law"/>
<node CREATED="1295456813002" ID="Freemind_Link_1983904291" MODIFIED="1295456816677" TEXT="Constitution"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295620495382" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1164671976" MODIFIED="1295620503309" TEXT="Restitutionary remedies">
<node CREATED="1295620503832" ID="Freemind_Link_539151082" MODIFIED="1295620512877" TEXT="Legal or equitable"/>
<node CREATED="1295620568658" ID="Freemind_Link_1370030587" MODIFIED="1295620640077" TEXT="Comes from a theory of unjust enrichment"/>
<node CREATED="1295620587033" ID="Freemind_Link_1412754576" MODIFIED="1295620632752" TEXT="Transfer defendant&apos;s wrongful gain to plaintiff"/>
<node CREATED="1295620615683" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1254596614" MODIFIED="1295620620840" TEXT="Kinds">
<node CREATED="1295620514096" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_835269330" MODIFIED="1295620556777" TEXT="Replevin">
<node CREATED="1295620766057" ID="Freemind_Link_1581667799" MODIFIED="1295620778303" TEXT="At law"/>
<node CREATED="1295621608120" ID="Freemind_Link_1602946188" MODIFIED="1295622452897" TEXT="Remedy for torts to chattels "/>
<node CREATED="1295620646333" ID="Freemind_Link_190455348" MODIFIED="1295620687627" TEXT="Pre-trial seizure of wrongfully retained or taken chattel"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295621215034" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1410253107" MODIFIED="1295621217334" TEXT="Trover">
<node CREATED="1295621590720" ID="Freemind_Link_893139846" MODIFIED="1295621593439" TEXT="At law"/>
<node CREATED="1295621597770" ID="Freemind_Link_1524361189" MODIFIED="1295622447116" TEXT="Remedy for torts to chattels"/>
<node CREATED="1295621217846" ID="Freemind_Link_1524463242" MODIFIED="1295621237428" TEXT="Like replevin, but only to recover value of lost property, not the lost property itself"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295620692520" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1520929493" MODIFIED="1295620698818" TEXT="Ejectment">
<node CREATED="1295620780695" ID="Freemind_Link_512656816" MODIFIED="1295620784515" TEXT="At law"/>
<node CREATED="1295621619208" ID="Freemind_Link_1919506182" MODIFIED="1295621626253" TEXT="Remedy for trespass to land"/>
<node CREATED="1295620700596" ID="Freemind_Link_1684911445" MODIFIED="1295620739340" TEXT="Regaining real property from which the plaintiff was evicted"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295620740796" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_236170188" MODIFIED="1295620746906" TEXT="Constructive trust">
<node CREATED="1295620750895" ID="Freemind_Link_169540508" MODIFIED="1295620799164" TEXT="In equity"/>
<node CREATED="1295621636583" ID="Freemind_Link_985018723" MODIFIED="1295622489928" TEXT="Remedy for fraud, conversion, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds ..."/>
<node CREATED="1295620799571" ID="Freemind_Link_1295440226" MODIFIED="1295620837740" TEXT="A trust is created for plaintiff over property held by defendant"/>
<node CREATED="1295620889934" ID="Freemind_Link_41037306" MODIFIED="1295620901289" TEXT="Must be traceable"/>
<node CREATED="1295620926259" ID="Freemind_Link_699182618" MODIFIED="1295620941828" TEXT="In some jurisdictions, must show that legal remedies are inadequate"/>
<node CREATED="1295620840908" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1910901337" MODIFIED="1295620858208" TEXT="Advantages">
<node CREATED="1295620858745" ID="Freemind_Link_775865559" MODIFIED="1295620867439" TEXT="Security interest (secured creditor)"/>
<node CREATED="1295620867833" ID="Freemind_Link_883404818" MODIFIED="1295620879303" TEXT="Plaintiff can capture increase in value"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295620943421" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1704911064" MODIFIED="1295620947808" TEXT="Equitable lien">
<node CREATED="1295620948895" ID="Freemind_Link_170441320" MODIFIED="1295620951477" TEXT="In equity"/>
<node CREATED="1295621636583" ID="Freemind_Link_1088227429" MODIFIED="1295622485754" TEXT="Remedy for fraud, conversion, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds ... "/>
<node CREATED="1295620951883" ID="Freemind_Link_1543842493" MODIFIED="1295620971189" TEXT="A lien is imposed on defendant&apos;s property to secure payment of money"/>
<node CREATED="1295620972171" ID="Freemind_Link_1778013631" MODIFIED="1295621039090" TEXT="Must be traceable"/>
<node CREATED="1295621044920" ID="Freemind_Link_461015153" MODIFIED="1295621053102" TEXT="In some jurisdictions, must show that legal remedies are inadequate "/>
<node CREATED="1295621053696" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_914878901" MODIFIED="1295621076796" TEXT="Comparisons w/ constructive trust">
<node CREATED="1295621077270" ID="Freemind_Link_975671170" MODIFIED="1295621086752" TEXT="Security interest (same)"/>
<node CREATED="1295621087796" ID="Freemind_Link_539981785" MODIFIED="1295621107566" TEXT="Plaintiff cannot capture increase in value beyond amont of original claim"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295621916946" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1569930514" MODIFIED="1295621921865" TEXT="Injunction">
<node CREATED="1295621922508" ID="Freemind_Link_831115339" MODIFIED="1295621936177" TEXT="In equity"/>
<node CREATED="1295621936683" ID="Freemind_Link_1151204919" MODIFIED="1295621951755" TEXT="Mandatory or prohibitory"/>
<node CREATED="1295621952571" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_595316863" MODIFIED="1295621965478" TEXT="Requires inadequacy of legal remedy">
<node CREATED="1295621978821" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_685822362" MODIFIED="1295621982821" TEXT="Examples">
<node CREATED="1295621983258" ID="Freemind_Link_129510261" MODIFIED="1295621988540" TEXT="Irreparable injury"/>
<node CREATED="1295621989783" ID="Freemind_Link_503858467" MODIFIED="1295622028694" TEXT="Continuous or repeated wrong"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622058597" ID="Freemind_Link_1466070413" MODIFIED="1295622063806" TEXT="Court must balance the hardships"/>
<node CREATED="1295622064971" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1856724114" MODIFIED="1295622358707" TEXT="Kinds of injunctions by temporal nature">
<node CREATED="1295622071134" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_86978762" MODIFIED="1295622088122" TEXT="TRO - temporary restraining order">
<node CREATED="1295622088858" ID="Freemind_Link_220843104" MODIFIED="1295622099291" TEXT="Can be gotten ex parte"/>
<node CREATED="1295622099721" ID="Freemind_Link_1814142997" MODIFIED="1295622143791" TEXT="Lasts only for a very short time (e.g., 10 days; until a PI hearing can be schedule)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622144934" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1815795732" MODIFIED="1295622152636" TEXT="Preliminary injunction">
<node CREATED="1295622153284" ID="Freemind_Link_1054678533" MODIFIED="1295622170280" TEXT="Must be properly noticed; never ex parte"/>
<node CREATED="1295622170746" ID="Freemind_Link_1068737807" MODIFIED="1295622189204" TEXT="Lasts until final judgment entered (could be years)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622361769" ID="Freemind_Link_1675692955" MODIFIED="1295622366328" TEXT="Permanent injunction"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622208447" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_64559628" MODIFIED="1295622215174" TEXT="Defenses to equitable remedies">
<node CREATED="1295622215634" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_128335976" MODIFIED="1295622218091" TEXT="Laches">
<node CREATED="1295622240272" ID="Freemind_Link_1954039877" MODIFIED="1295622247079" TEXT="The plaintiff has waited too long"/>
<node CREATED="1295622386959" ID="Freemind_Link_1298261421" MODIFIED="1295622399357" TEXT="Often determined in reference to the statute of limitations"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622218709" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_858673520" MODIFIED="1295622229691" TEXT="Equitable estoppel">
<node CREATED="1295622248347" ID="Freemind_Link_1421392320" MODIFIED="1295622257480" TEXT="The defendant has changed position in reliance"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622230134" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_739935789" MODIFIED="1295622233166" TEXT="Unclean hands">
<node CREATED="1295622258784" ID="Freemind_Link_1745324926" MODIFIED="1295622301966" TEXT="The plaintiff has been behaving badly, and thus is in no position to demand a remedy as a matter of &quot;fairness&quot; from defendant"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622575272" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_59284998" MODIFIED="1295622592415" TEXT="Special issues concerning parties">
<node CREATED="1295622823246" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1933792174" MODIFIED="1295622859105" TEXT="Who can be a plaintiff?">
<node CREATED="1295622859546" ID="Freemind_Link_143921361" MODIFIED="1295622865503" TEXT="The firefighter rule"/>
<node CREATED="1295623040547" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_102471866" MODIFIED="1295623433754" TEXT="Issues relating to pregnancy">
<node CREATED="1295623083697" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_859709189" MODIFIED="1295623093694" TEXT="Wrongful conception">
<node CREATED="1295623094110" ID="Freemind_Link_1905689320" MODIFIED="1295623103380" TEXT="brought by parents for failed contraception"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623398173" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_492264017" MODIFIED="1295623402333" TEXT="Wrongful birth">
<node CREATED="1295623402798" ID="Freemind_Link_1851444996" MODIFIED="1295623411079" TEXT="brought by parents for unterminated pregnancy"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623105909" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1023741906" MODIFIED="1295623109544" TEXT="Wrongful life">
<node CREATED="1295623110122" ID="Freemind_Link_1997118995" MODIFIED="1295623396167" TEXT="brought by child for unterminated pregnancy"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623449772" ID="Freemind_Link_1264229523" MODIFIED="1295623477293" TEXT="Suits by an unborn plaintiff against the mother"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623434935" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_31956038" MODIFIED="1295623511344" TEXT="Third parties to the primary injury">
<node CREATED="1295623511835" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1287260535" MODIFIED="1295623515879" TEXT="Loss of consortium">
<node CREATED="1295623570885" ID="Freemind_Link_845684366" MODIFIED="1295623587494" TEXT="Close family members bring action based on injury inflicted on loved one"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623516272" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1911789649" MODIFIED="1295623519704" TEXT="Wrongful death">
<node CREATED="1295623561548" ID="Freemind_Link_1169362189" MODIFIED="1295623569509" TEXT="Survivors bring action based on loss of loved one"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623533435" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1509544927" MODIFIED="1295623537021" TEXT="Survival actions">
<node CREATED="1295623537560" ID="Freemind_Link_244400613" MODIFIED="1295623560168" TEXT="Survivors bring action based on causes of action that accrued to deceased before death"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623596648" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_81554909" MODIFIED="1295623600442" TEXT="Class actions">
<node CREATED="1295623627823" ID="Freemind_Link_1241687991" MODIFIED="1295623631404" TEXT="Numerosity"/>
<node CREATED="1295623631834" ID="Freemind_Link_292927438" MODIFIED="1295623636654" TEXT="Commonality"/>
<node CREATED="1295623637447" ID="Freemind_Link_962502262" MODIFIED="1295623640216" TEXT="Typicality"/>
<node CREATED="1295623640685" ID="Freemind_Link_543313701" MODIFIED="1295623647742" TEXT="Adequacy of representation"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622866796" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1574576782" MODIFIED="1295622874304" TEXT="Who can be a defendant?">
<node CREATED="1295622874747" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_954633433" MODIFIED="1295622878869" TEXT="Immunities">
<node CREATED="1295622879447" ID="Freemind_Link_498678609" MODIFIED="1295622883691" TEXT="Sovereign"/>
<node CREATED="1295622884859" ID="Freemind_Link_46601116" MODIFIED="1295622889878" TEXT="Charitable"/>
<node CREATED="1295622890321" ID="Freemind_Link_1046173278" MODIFIED="1295622895853" TEXT="Family/spousal"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622899122" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1071835435" MODIFIED="1295622912007" TEXT="Suits against sovereigns">
<node CREATED="1295622912359" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1198126281" MODIFIED="1295622918230" TEXT="Federal Tort Claims Act">
<node CREATED="1295622918671" ID="Freemind_Link_1368475437" MODIFIED="1295622934004" TEXT="Can sue governement under negligence"/>
<node CREATED="1295622934547" ID="Freemind_Link_1850673842" MODIFIED="1295622939705" TEXT="Use state&apos;s negligence law"/>
<node CREATED="1295622940109" ID="Freemind_Link_810253667" MODIFIED="1295622973704" TEXT="Strict liability excluded"/>
<node CREATED="1295622957271" ID="Freemind_Link_893511913" MODIFIED="1295622968380" TEXT="Intentional torts excluded"/>
<node CREATED="1295622975634" ID="Freemind_Link_1592766835" MODIFIED="1295622984617" TEXT="Special procedures must be followed"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622987347" ID="Freemind_Link_657912806" MODIFIED="1295623025666" TEXT="States have statutory schemes partially waiving sovereign immunity and providing for suit similar to the FTCA"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295623694132" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1317748529" MODIFIED="1295623701491" TEXT="Mulitple tortfeasors">
<node CREATED="1295623701973" ID="Freemind_Link_870898437" MODIFIED="1295623761792" TEXT="Joint and several liability"/>
<node CREATED="1295623773860" ID="Freemind_Link_393831304" MODIFIED="1295623780143" TEXT="Contribution and indemnification"/>
<node CREATED="1295623780622" ID="Freemind_Link_271079642" MODIFIED="1295623785820" TEXT="Respondeat superior"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622593484" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1376090290" MODIFIED="1295622600979" TEXT="Special issues concerning rights of action">
<node CREATED="1295622603509" ID="Freemind_Link_1174426978" MODIFIED="1295622610603" TEXT="Statutes of limitation and repose"/>
<node CREATED="1295622611046" ID="Freemind_Link_1027732920" MODIFIED="1295622615928" TEXT="Implied rights of actions"/>
<node CREATED="1295622720934" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_104300204" MODIFIED="1295622734956" TEXT="Violation of constitutional rights">
<node CREATED="1295622616483" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1806223986" MODIFIED="1295622643717" TEXT="Section 1983 actions">
<node CREATED="1295622694846" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1099134505" MODIFIED="1295622696342" TEXT="42 U.S.C. &#xa7; 1983">
<node CREATED="1295622707432" ID="Freemind_Link_1536521768" MODIFIED="1295622707432" TEXT="Every person who under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, Suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer&apos;s judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable.  For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia."/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1295622739283" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_48377745" MODIFIED="1295622784827" TEXT="Bivens actions">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1295622787346" ID="Freemind_Link_1798483924" MODIFIED="1295622803779" TEXT="Essentially a 1983 action against federal officers"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</map>
