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<node CREATED="1629998630574" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1486529420" MODIFIED="1661871769631" POSITION="right" TEXT="Personal/property torts">
<node CREATED="1179196305460" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_257100052" MODIFIED="1661871769608" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intentional torts">
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<node CREATED="1188307738655" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482738337" MODIFIED="1661871769578" TEXT="Generally">
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<node CREATED="1188307783303" ID="Freemind_Link_1861908156" MODIFIED="1188307949703" TEXT="Not reflex">
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<node CREATED="1179196377447" ID="Freemind_Link_521010912" MODIFIED="1188307949673" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The conception of intent differs from tort to tort under the heading of &quot;intentional torts&quot;">
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<node CREATED="1188307651630" ID="Freemind_Link_1819488340" MODIFIED="1188307949659" TEXT="Substantial certainty counts as intent">
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<node CREATED="1188307707927" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1811320892" MODIFIED="1661871769576" TEXT="Transferred intent">
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<node CREATED="1188307721880" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_984191538" MODIFIED="1661871769576" TEXT="Tort to tort">
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<node CREATED="1566295421156" ID="ID_1567741186" MODIFIED="1566295563552" TEXT="Traditional view: Intent can transfer among any of battery, assault, false imprisonment, trespass to land, and trespass to chattels."/>
<node CREATED="1566295478427" ID="ID_984579234" MODIFIED="1566295539194" TEXT="Today, many courts restrict transferred intent to only between battery and assault."/>
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<node CREATED="1188299404142" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1487825660" MODIFIED="1661871769577" TEXT="Motive is irrelevant, and is distinguished from intent.">
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<node CREATED="1188299437030" ID="Freemind_Link_1792868985" MODIFIED="1188308170101" TEXT="(Note that whether evidence of motive can be used at trial to establish intent or another element is a question for evidence law.)">
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<node CREATED="1188307800319" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1449982026" MODIFIED="1661871769577" TEXT="No issue of incompetence">
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<node CREATED="1188307810311" ID="Freemind_Link_171601976" MODIFIED="1629980604819" TEXT="Children as well as persons with mental illness, developmental disability, and dementia can commit intentional torts.">
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<node CREATED="1188307868199" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1861532339" MODIFIED="1661871769578" TEXT="Causation">
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<node CREATED="1515512488884" ID="ID_1030664123" MODIFIED="1566295738242" TEXT="Often causation is not an issue in an intentional torts case for prima facie liability."/>
<node CREATED="1515512506626" ID="ID_762994954" MODIFIED="1629980530996" TEXT="But causation can matter a lot for the extent of damages recoverable."/>
<node CREATED="1188307879007" ID="Freemind_Link_974689515" MODIFIED="1566295729265" TEXT="(Causation is considered in more depth under the heading of negligence, but the same concepts apply.)">
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<node CREATED="1179193100772" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_605742427" MODIFIED="1661871769602" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The torts (causes of action)">
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<node CREATED="1179193169133" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_977629892" MODIFIED="1661871769581" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Battery">
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<node CREATED="1179193591201" ID="Freemind_Link_1427041760" MODIFIED="1661863041064" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The defendant undertook an act with the intent to and effecting a harmful or offensive touching of the plaintiff. ">
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<node CREATED="1179193948631" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1102996217" MODIFIED="1661871769580" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1179196060660" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1735873355" MODIFIED="1661871769579" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act">
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<node CREATED="1661863043278" ID="ID_533707206" MODIFIED="1661863077818" TEXT="The defendant undertook an act, made some volitional motion (as opposed to a reflex, for instance). "/>
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<node CREATED="1179196067109" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1106045043" MODIFIED="1661871769579" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1188298735238" ID="Freemind_Link_796880939" MODIFIED="1661863109065" TEXT="The required intent is the intent to effect a battery. ">
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<node CREATED="1515512791327" ID="ID_1225968272" MODIFIED="1661863126909" TEXT="Remember that substantial certainty counts as intent. "/>
<node CREATED="1188298775174" ID="Freemind_Link_1629813847" MODIFIED="1661863204489" TEXT="Transferred intent can apply. From person-to-person works everywhere. For tort-to-tort transferred intent, courts differ. Intent to commit an assault works in all courts for battery. Some courts also allow transferred intent from false imprisonment, trespass to land, and trespass to chattels.">
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<node CREATED="1179196080069" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_830624601" MODIFIED="1661871769580" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Harmful or Offensive">
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<node CREATED="1629981866081" ID="ID_348873025" MODIFIED="1629982430206" TEXT="&quot;Harmful or offensive&quot; is really a slogan for a more nuanced concept."/>
<node CREATED="1515512963718" ID="ID_95268153" MODIFIED="1629982445345" TEXT="Note the touching doesn&apos;t actually have to do harm or be offensive."/>
<node CREATED="1629981946118" ID="ID_226815174" MODIFIED="1629982146770" TEXT="The core notion is that people must respect others&apos; apparent desire to not be touched. "/>
<node CREATED="1629982151962" ID="ID_1175122712" MODIFIED="1629982346738" TEXT="In dealings with strangers, what a reasonable person would glean and community standards play a role."/>
<node CREATED="1629982347961" ID="ID_567375953" MODIFIED="1629982402414" TEXT="E.g., tapping a stranger on the shoulder is okay &#x2014; but not after the strangers says not to touch their shoulders."/>
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<node CREATED="1179196070317" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_690372790" MODIFIED="1661871769580" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Touching">
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<node CREATED="1188298230700" ID="Freemind_Link_1306822570" MODIFIED="1188471740108" TEXT="Can be direct or indirect (e.g., setting something in motion, laying a trap)">
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<node CREATED="1188298270740" ID="Freemind_Link_1307776247" MODIFIED="1629981648242" TEXT="Touching of a person includes things intimately connected to the person. E.g., beating on the car that the plaintiff is in, grabbing an object the plaintiff is holding.">
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<node CREATED="1179193178996" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_780742172" MODIFIED="1661871769585" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Assault">
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<node CREATED="1179193671065" ID="Freemind_Link_707575901" MODIFIED="1661863340787" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="The defendant undertook an act with intent effecting the immediate apprehension of a harmful or offensive touching of a person">
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<node CREATED="1179193737402" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1491551839" MODIFIED="1661871769584" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1179193742369" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_758119212" MODIFIED="1661871769581" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act">
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<node CREATED="1629988789169" ID="ID_1137964135" MODIFIED="1629988796290" TEXT="see battery">
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<node CREATED="1179193748090" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_94618121" MODIFIED="1661871769582" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1188298794078" ID="Freemind_Link_1821609462" MODIFIED="1661863418874" TEXT="Generally, the intent required is the intent to effect an assault. ">
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<node CREATED="1188298803230" ID="Freemind_Link_528562695" MODIFIED="1661863413459" TEXT="Through transferred intent. intent to effect a battery suffices. ">
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<node CREATED="1179193754473" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1053364713" MODIFIED="1661871769583" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Immediate apprehension">
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<node CREATED="1188297944074" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_42231645" MODIFIED="1661871769582" TEXT="Fear distinguished from apprehension">
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<node CREATED="1661862786215" ID="ID_558851642" MODIFIED="1661862836426" TEXT="It is not necessary to be in fear of the touching -- just apprehending that it is about to occur."/>
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<node CREATED="1188298076506" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1905652747" MODIFIED="1661871769582" TEXT="Apparent ability sufficient">
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<node CREATED="1661863486295" ID="ID_1065931692" MODIFIED="1661863543703" TEXT="So even if the defendant lacks the means to carry through the apprehended touching, it is enough that the plaintiff would think the capacity for the touch is there (e.g., pointing an unloaded or inert gun at someone). "/>
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<node CREATED="1188298088786" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_187150296" MODIFIED="1661871769582" TEXT="Words alone are not sufficient">
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<node CREATED="1661863577218" ID="ID_570215370" MODIFIED="1661863589639" TEXT="There has to be some movement, some act."/>
<node CREATED="1188298103410" ID="Freemind_Link_499572146" MODIFIED="1661863686094" TEXT="Note, however, that there is authority for the idea that words can negate the implications of movement/action (e.g., &quot;This gun isn&apos;t loaded, but if it were ... &quot;). ">
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<node CREATED="1179193853678" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_402630258" MODIFIED="1661871769583" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Immediacy">
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<node CREATED="1629983506819" ID="ID_1508893122" MODIFIED="1661863696031" TEXT="Has to be right at that moment. "/>
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<node CREATED="1629988688257" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_118937770" MODIFIED="1661871769584" TEXT="Of a harmful or offensive">
<node CREATED="1629988789169" ID="ID_464010802" MODIFIED="1629988796290" TEXT="see battery">
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<node CREATED="1629988798995" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1958306737" MODIFIED="1661871769584" TEXT="Touching">
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<node CREATED="1179193187884" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_23262255" MODIFIED="1661871769588" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="False Imprisonment">
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<node CREATED="1179197069408" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_166957054" MODIFIED="1661871769585" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Statement">
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<node CREATED="1188294809533" ID="Freemind_Link_1543132944" MODIFIED="1661863826365" TEXT="The defendant intentionally confined the plaintiff and the plaintiff had awareness of the confinement. ">
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<node CREATED="1179197073448" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1081786460" MODIFIED="1661871769588" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1179197088000" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_390412642" MODIFIED="1661871769585" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1629988403899" ID="ID_208359994" MODIFIED="1661863851144" TEXT="The required intent is the intent to confine. "/>
<node CREATED="1629988413976" ID="ID_668681475" MODIFIED="1661863879846" TEXT="There is no requirement that there is an intent that the confinement is of a type that is illegal or improper. It just has to be intent to confine. "/>
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<node CREATED="1179197094832" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_218237828" MODIFIED="1661871769587" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Confinement">
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<node CREATED="1629989071241" ID="ID_345632024" MODIFIED="1661863919868" TEXT="Confinement means being restricted to a closed, bounded area of an appreciable amount of time. "/>
<node CREATED="1188298588126" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1708330523" MODIFIED="1661871769586" TEXT="Bounded area">
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<node CREATED="1188298593166" ID="Freemind_Link_1814850810" MODIFIED="1188308146363" TEXT="Movement must be limited in all directions">
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<node CREATED="1188298613446" ID="Freemind_Link_1359675253" MODIFIED="1188471927206" TEXT="Any reasonable and reasonably knowable means of escape negates this element">
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<node CREATED="1188298658486" ID="Freemind_Link_691650115" MODIFIED="1188308145627" TEXT="The bounded area cannot be the rest of the world">
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<node CREATED="1188298678366" ID="Freemind_Link_1213174381" MODIFIED="1661864053701" TEXT="Duration of confinement is irrelevant. There is no minimum time that the plaintiff must be confined. ">
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<node CREATED="1661864068017" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1199509935" MODIFIED="1661871769587" TEXT="Method of confinement ">
<node CREATED="1188298418996" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_776912108" MODIFIED="1661871769586" TEXT="Sufficient methods of confinement">
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<node CREATED="1188298446190" ID="Freemind_Link_622333321" MODIFIED="1188308150023" TEXT="Physical barriers">
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<node CREATED="1188298458598" ID="Freemind_Link_988161541" MODIFIED="1661864339979" TEXT="Force or imminent threat of force">
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<node CREATED="1515513781907" ID="ID_83002917" MODIFIED="1566295920795" TEXT="Detaining chattels, if unreasonable to leave without them"/>
<node CREATED="1188298463078" ID="Freemind_Link_1517810734" MODIFIED="1661864358100" TEXT="Improper assertion of legal authority">
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<node CREATED="1179197077936" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_68298100" MODIFIED="1661871769586" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Act vs. omission (failure to release)">
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<node CREATED="1188298490798" ID="Freemind_Link_344515585" MODIFIED="1661864300853" TEXT="Prototypically, the confinement is effectuated by an act of the defendant.">
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<node CREATED="1629988852339" ID="ID_285687521" MODIFIED="1661864305651" TEXT="But it could be an omission to act where there is a duty to release. "/>
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<node CREATED="1179197105112" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1593695528" MODIFIED="1661871769587" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Awareness (or harm)">
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<node CREATED="1188298952766" ID="Freemind_Link_881766071" MODIFIED="1661864872466" TEXT="The plaintiff only needs to be aware of the confinement; there&apos;s no requirement of harm. ">
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<node CREATED="1188471954932" ID="Freemind_Link_1258707651" MODIFIED="1661864891257" TEXT="Likewise, if plaintiff is unaware of the confinement, but is harmed by the confinement, this element is satisfied."/>
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<node CREATED="1179193208060" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1090051187" MODIFIED="1661871769592" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="IIED / Outrage">
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<node CREATED="1629989311922" ID="ID_1749701260" MODIFIED="1661864944966" TEXT="This tort goes by the names of &quot;intentional infliction of emotional distress,&quot; &quot;IIED,&quot; and &quot;outrage.&quot;  "/>
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<node CREATED="1188294888172" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_167542001" MODIFIED="1661871769588" TEXT="Statement">
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<node CREATED="1188294899020" ID="Freemind_Link_571965884" MODIFIED="1661864981573" TEXT="The defendant intentionally or recklessly inflicted, by extreme and outrageous conduct, severe emotional distress on the plaintiff.&#xa;">
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<node CREATED="1188294893084" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1448954898" MODIFIED="1661871769591" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1188295049409" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_529893214" MODIFIED="1661871769589" TEXT="Intent or recklessness">
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<node CREATED="1188472077907" ID="Freemind_Link_1270201255" MODIFIED="1661864990024" TEXT="Note that recklessness counts as &quot;intent&quot; for outrage. "/>
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<node CREATED="1188295069025" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1398139707" MODIFIED="1661871769591" TEXT="Extreme and outrageous conduct">
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<node CREATED="1188472092971" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_437628877" MODIFIED="1661871769589" TEXT="The standard here is high -- must be truly outrageous">
<node CREATED="1629989493119" ID="ID_485449805" MODIFIED="1629989890603" TEXT="&quot;Generally, the case is one in which a recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would lead him to exclaim, &apos;Outrageous.&apos;&quot; - Dean v. Ford Motor Credit (5th Cir. 1989)."/>
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<node CREATED="1661865046373" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1351131434" MODIFIED="1661871769589" TEXT="Mere insults and demeaning conduct toward the plaintiff are generally not enough, but insulting conduct at the plaintiff can be enough for a claim ... ">
<node CREATED="1661865098037" ID="ID_1724794806" MODIFIED="1661865197856" TEXT="where there&apos;s a pattern of the conduct over a substantial period of time, particularly in some place where the plaintiff is compelled to keep coming back to, such as school or the place where they work. "/>
<node CREATED="1661865204959" ID="ID_77968753" MODIFIED="1661865272552" TEXT="where the plaintiff is a traveller and the defendant is a common carrier (airline, e.g.) or innkeeper (hotel operator, e.g.)."/>
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<node CREATED="1188295083097" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_122646650" MODIFIED="1661871769591" TEXT="Severe emotional distress">
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<node CREATED="1188298381356" ID="Freemind_Link_1882779528" MODIFIED="1661865366427" TEXT="Historically, courts used to say that the harm suffered had to be enough that plaintiff sought medical attention or had some physical manifestation, but that is not the majority rule today. ">
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<node CREATED="1629989904089" ID="ID_1882061794" MODIFIED="1661865383863" TEXT="It is, at least, much more than merely being upset, or even really upset.  "/>
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<node CREATED="1179197221476" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815157284" MODIFIED="1661871769594" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Trespass to land">
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<node CREATED="1188298986734" ID="Freemind_Link_924120677" MODIFIED="1661869797476" TEXT="The defendant intentionally effected a physical intrusion (entry or failure to leave) of real property.  ">
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<node CREATED="1188299084046" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_957202826" MODIFIED="1661871769593" TEXT="Real property">
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<node CREATED="1188299157019" ID="Freemind_Link_1336192124" MODIFIED="1188308134019" TEXT="Surface">
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<node CREATED="1516117357885" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1290000833" MODIFIED="1661871769592" TEXT="and things affixed to the surface">
<node CREATED="1629990062482" ID="ID_1150184357" MODIFIED="1661865639873" TEXT="e.g., buildings and fixtures"/>
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<node CREATED="1188299179363" ID="Freemind_Link_1157007163" MODIFIED="1188308133214" TEXT="Airspace to a reasonable distance">
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<node CREATED="1188299068094" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_849320359" MODIFIED="1661871769593" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1188299197691" ID="Freemind_Link_637287482" MODIFIED="1661865663016" TEXT="The only intent needed is the intent to do the act that constitutes in the physical intrusion. ">
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<node CREATED="1188299227387" ID="Freemind_Link_1959862202" MODIFIED="1661865694005" TEXT="Not knowing that the land belongs to another person or honestly and reasonably believing one has permission to enter does not negate the intent element.">
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<node CREATED="1629990145485" ID="ID_1156425017" MODIFIED="1629990158755" TEXT="Mere entry suffices"/>
<node CREATED="1188299090134" ID="Freemind_Link_405341563" MODIFIED="1566297084904" TEXT="Can be accomplished by person or object">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188299113376" ID="Freemind_Link_1184254174" MODIFIED="1516117331125" TEXT="Does not include intangibles, e.g., vibrations or odor, but could include particulates, depending on the court">
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<node CREATED="1629990191001" ID="ID_1177222669" MODIFIED="1629990207899" TEXT="Can be accomplished by inducing a third person to enter"/>
<node CREATED="1566296993908" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1393054248" MODIFIED="1661871769593" TEXT="Can include acting on a particular aspect of the real property">
<node CREATED="1661869874161" ID="ID_806306629" MODIFIED="1661869998315" TEXT="e.g., a party guest going into an off-limits area or acting on a fixture in an unauthorized way such as swinging from the chandelier"/>
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<node CREATED="1566296953295" ID="ID_781257137" MODIFIED="1661870017241" TEXT="Can include failure to leave or failure to remove something from the real property"/>
</node>
</node>
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<node CREATED="1179197225941" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_812087076" MODIFIED="1661871769598" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Trespass to chattels">
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<node CREATED="1188299262859" ID="Freemind_Link_176522853" MODIFIED="1661870158029" TEXT="The defendant has effected an intentional interference with plaintiff&apos;s right of possession in a chattel. ">
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<node CREATED="1188299375606" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1186593565" MODIFIED="1661871769597" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1188299381102" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1182382117" MODIFIED="1661871769595" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1629990412664" ID="ID_771947536" MODIFIED="1661870247121" TEXT="Intent to act upon the chattel is all that is necessary. "/>
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<node CREATED="1188302373368" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_114622232" MODIFIED="1661871769595" TEXT="Interference">
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<node CREATED="1516117418145" ID="ID_777907676" MODIFIED="1566296421382" TEXT="Just touching isn&apos;t enough"/>
<node CREATED="1566296366557" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1508586023" MODIFIED="1661871769595" TEXT="Any of these can count as interference:">
<node CREATED="1566296387459" ID="ID_1659446781" MODIFIED="1566296440200" TEXT="Actual damage to the chattel"/>
<node CREATED="1566296446127" ID="ID_730698153" MODIFIED="1566296457855" TEXT="Actual dispossession of the chattel"/>
<node CREATED="1566296459035" ID="ID_926945515" MODIFIED="1566296477144" TEXT="Loss of use of the chattel for some appreciable amount of time"/>
<node CREATED="1566296480560" ID="ID_484138120" MODIFIED="1629990486334" TEXT="Harm to the plaintiff or to someone or something in whom the plaintiff has a legal interest"/>
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<node CREATED="1188302426161" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1588869234" MODIFIED="1661871769595" TEXT="With right of posession">
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<node CREATED="1188302501148" ID="Freemind_Link_1432671569" MODIFIED="1566296692291" TEXT="The plaintiff doesn&apos;t have to be the owner of the chattel, just the person rightfully possessing it">
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<node CREATED="1188302494772" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1420944990" MODIFIED="1661871769596" TEXT="Chattel">
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<node CREATED="1629990323767" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1431376359" MODIFIED="1661871769596" TEXT="Moveable property">
<node CREATED="1629990330110" ID="ID_409608789" MODIFIED="1629990372345" TEXT="(Tangible property is either realty or chattels.)"/>
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<node CREATED="1188302560772" ID="Freemind_Link_1977962452" MODIFIED="1188308127378" TEXT="Not real property">
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302556756" ID="Freemind_Link_1262839325" MODIFIED="1188308127743" TEXT="Not people">
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302565052" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1284033893" MODIFIED="1661871769596" TEXT="Not intangible property">
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<node CREATED="1188302985455" ID="Freemind_Link_1579522476" MODIFIED="1188308126575" TEXT="Unless reduced to a tangible form (e.g., negotiable bearer bond)">
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</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1566296760105" ID="ID_1087973755" MODIFIED="1566296769105" TEXT="Animals count as chattels"/>
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<node CREATED="1188302604556" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_474600789" MODIFIED="1661871769597" TEXT="Issues">
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<node CREATED="1188302608437" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1108823001" MODIFIED="1661871769597" TEXT="Distinguish from conversion">
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<node CREATED="1188302620316" ID="Freemind_Link_189235229" MODIFIED="1629990496551" TEXT="(see notes below)">
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<node CREATED="1188302677772" ID="Freemind_Link_368420491" MODIFIED="1661870177271" TEXT="The defendant has effected an intentional interference with a person&apos;s right of possession in a chattel in so substantial a manner as to warrant a forced purchase. ">
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</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188302776036" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1233455631" MODIFIED="1661871769601" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1188302785540" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_660248677" MODIFIED="1661871769598" TEXT="Intent">
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<node CREATED="1661870261529" ID="ID_1202485921" MODIFIED="1661870283527" TEXT="see trespass to chattels">
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<node CREATED="1188302791020" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1236386643" MODIFIED="1661871769599" TEXT="Interference">
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<node CREATED="1661870306355" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1255011517" MODIFIED="1661871769598" TEXT="same as for trespass to chattels ...">
<node CREATED="1661871364580" ID="ID_791347402" MODIFIED="1661871373486" TEXT="but then there has to also be the requisite substantiality (see below)."/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302800580" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1934234718" MODIFIED="1661871769599" TEXT="Chattel">
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<node CREATED="1661870261529" ID="ID_1669365354" MODIFIED="1661870283527" TEXT="see trespass to chattels">
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<node CREATED="1188302803876" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_369096677" MODIFIED="1661871769601" TEXT="Substantiality">
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<node CREATED="1188472430403" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1203240855" MODIFIED="1661871769599" TEXT="The interference with the chattel is so substantial ... ">
<node CREATED="1661871443293" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1960283636" MODIFIED="1661871769599" TEXT="it warrants a forcing the defendant to purchase the chattel. ">
<node CREATED="1661870833682" ID="ID_250388981" MODIFIED="1661870950054" TEXT="You can say that conversion is best explained and understood teleologically. (If that helps you; if it doesn&apos;t, don&apos;t worry about it.)"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1629990836744" ID="ID_613505146" MODIFIED="1661870585928" TEXT="It&apos;s a matter of degree, there&apos;s no hard line. "/>
<node CREATED="1188302869181" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1176940025" MODIFIED="1661871769600" TEXT="Some indications or factors militating in favor of conversion: ">
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<node CREATED="1188302898860" ID="Freemind_Link_1268313153" MODIFIED="1661871524875" TEXT="Length of time withheld is great.">
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302909428" ID="Freemind_Link_15814406" MODIFIED="1661871530878" TEXT="Amount and severity of damage is great.">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188303030263" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_870620579" MODIFIED="1661871769600" TEXT="It&apos;s &quot;totaled.&quot;">
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<node CREATED="1661870544084" ID="ID_1513749643" MODIFIED="1661870566055" TEXT="i.e., the repair costs exceed the value"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302849644" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_670279372" MODIFIED="1661871769600" TEXT="Comparing conversion and trespass to chattels">
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<node CREATED="1629991052974" ID="ID_1017498219" MODIFIED="1661870944670" TEXT="For conversion, what it really comes down to is whether the interference is so substantial it justifies conversion&apos;s special remedy of the forced purchase. "/>
<node CREATED="1661870951696" ID="ID_1623500180" MODIFIED="1661871276352" TEXT="If the interference has the requisite substantiality for conversion, that doesn&apos;t mean that a claim for trespass to chattels does not work! (The plaintiff could sue on either claim, or sue on both and elect a remedy later.)"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188302845268" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_2533999" MODIFIED="1661871769601" TEXT="Issues">
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<node CREATED="1188472460339" ID="Freemind_Link_914265485" MODIFIED="1566297361607" TEXT="In the remedy for conversion, after paying damages, the defendant retains the converted property."/>
<node CREATED="1566297268202" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_274834490" MODIFIED="1661871769601" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s choice">
<node CREATED="1566297309464" ID="ID_1893037364" MODIFIED="1661871586172" TEXT="If the facts are appropriate for alleging conversion, then the plaintiff can choose to pursue that claim. But the plaintiff doesn&apos;t have to! If the plaintiff wants the chattel back, they always have the choice of pursing a trespass to chattels claim."/>
<node CREATED="1629990697058" ID="ID_347244957" MODIFIED="1629990802422" TEXT="Often the core concept in conversion is referred to as a &quot;forced sale.&quot; But &quot;forced purchase&quot; is more accurate. The defendant can&apos;t make the plaintiff sell the chattel."/>
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</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298861078" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_303607022" MODIFIED="1661871769602" TEXT="Issues">
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<node CREATED="1188298865950" ID="Freemind_Link_851109293" MODIFIED="1188308117099" TEXT="&quot;Eggshell plaintiff&quot; rule">
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</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298876686" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482779529" MODIFIED="1661871769607" TEXT="Defenses">
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<node CREATED="1188298879974" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1837917488" MODIFIED="1661871769603" TEXT="Consent">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907474086" ID="Freemind_Link_42825652" MODIFIED="1188907477266" TEXT="Scope"/>
<node CREATED="1188907478414" ID="Freemind_Link_1122341217" MODIFIED="1188907499898" TEXT="Express, implied in fact, implied by law"/>
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<node CREATED="1188298899310" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_282442069" MODIFIED="1661871769603" TEXT="Defense of self">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907560093" ID="Freemind_Link_591744880" MODIFIED="1188907651440" TEXT="A person is entitled to use reasonable force to prevent any reasonably believed threat of imminent battery or false imprisonment"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298907870" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_401999780" MODIFIED="1661871769603" TEXT="Defense of others">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907665724" ID="Freemind_Link_265139230" MODIFIED="1188907757078" TEXT="Same as self defense, but in a majority of jurisdictions, a mistake in perceiving a threat, even if reasonable, will void the defense"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188907536150" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_959946702" MODIFIED="1661871769603" TEXT="Defense of property">
<node CREATED="1188907759867" ID="Freemind_Link_1325806999" MODIFIED="1566297708615" TEXT="In general, a person is entitled to use reasonable force to protect land and chattels"/>
<node COLOR="#ff0000" CREATED="1188907847681" ID="Freemind_Link_1699062365" MODIFIED="1566297695700" TEXT="Note: This is a complex and contested area of the law. What might be privileged in one place might subject someone to tort and criminal liability in another.">
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<node CREATED="1188908141460" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_963004123" MODIFIED="1661871769604" TEXT="Arrest">
<node CREATED="1188908179575" ID="Freemind_Link_1182308697" MODIFIED="1188908182227" TEXT="Police"/>
<node CREATED="1188908182863" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_937327978" MODIFIED="1661871769604" TEXT="Citizen">
<node CREATED="1188908188919" ID="Freemind_Link_1594935738" MODIFIED="1188908239607" TEXT="Privilege is much more limited than for police"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188298883270" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_165496352" MODIFIED="1661871769605" TEXT="Private necessity">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188907899581" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1990536684" MODIFIED="1661871769604" TEXT="A person is privileged to invade the property rights of another to avoid injury to person or property, but must pay compensatory damages">
<node CREATED="1188908009004" ID="Freemind_Link_1338373347" MODIFIED="1566297839590" TEXT="Note: Private necessity is recognized as a defense that applies only to the property torts: trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188298889622" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1999641447" MODIFIED="1661871769607" TEXT="Public necessity">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188908040412" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1896813188" MODIFIED="1661871769606" TEXT="Same as for private necessity, but where the community at large is threatened, no compensatory damages are owed.">
<node CREATED="1188908099980" ID="Freemind_Link_1894082142" MODIFIED="1566297826776" TEXT="Note: Public necessity is recognized as a defense that applies only to the property torts: trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1219831707668" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_230337964" MODIFIED="1661871769631" TEXT="Intent-not-required torts">
<node CREATED="1179193119876" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1129427303" MODIFIED="1661871769626" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Negligence">
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<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1184970954735" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1646083012" MODIFIED="1661871769623" TEXT="Elements">
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<node CREATED="1184970967025" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1767901674" MODIFIED="1661871769611" TEXT="Duty">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188728988200" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1495602598" MODIFIED="1661871769608" TEXT="General duty">
<node CREATED="1188729004154" ID="Freemind_Link_435461521" MODIFIED="1188913502167" TEXT="A general duty of care is owed to all foreseeable plaintiffs"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1629991585862" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1419136305" MODIFIED="1661871769608" TEXT="Whether a duty exists is generally an issue for the judge, not the jury">
<node CREATED="1629991636969" ID="ID_1384886267" MODIFIED="1630009888205" TEXT="In other words, the issue of whether a duty exists becomes a vehicle for preventing a case from reaching a jury"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903711945" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1883664118" MODIFIED="1661871769610" TEXT="No affirmative duty to act">
<node CREATED="1188903725697" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1572882974" MODIFIED="1661871769610" TEXT="Some exceptions">
<node CREATED="1188903810673" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1311963019" MODIFIED="1661871769609" TEXT="Defendant-created peril">
<node CREATED="1188903869190" ID="Freemind_Link_763896387" MODIFIED="1188903894890" TEXT="Defendant has a duty to assist someone in peril because of the defendant&apos;s negligence"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1495281603854" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1348079644" MODIFIED="1661871769609" TEXT="Special relationships">
<node CREATED="1188903914302" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_322868523" MODIFIED="1661871769609" TEXT="Common carriers, innkeepers, shopkeepers &#x2013;&#xa0;to their passengers, guests, and customers">
<node CREATED="1188903948993" ID="Freemind_Link_1973398953" MODIFIED="1188904002053" TEXT="Those who solicit and gather the public for their own profit owe a duty to aid patrons"/>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188903730881" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_767822415" MODIFIED="1661871769609" TEXT="Assumption of duty by acting">
<node CREATED="1188903747385" ID="Freemind_Link_340225832" MODIFIED="1629992381683" TEXT="Exception: good samaritan statutes sometimes protect people (often limited to medical professionals, but sometimes applying to any well-meaning stranger) from liability for ordinary, but not gross, negligence in voluntarily acting to help someone"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1495281676944" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_594831398" MODIFIED="1661871769610" TEXT="Obligation to control third persons SOMETIMES">
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<node CREATED="1495288129855" ID="ID_1274344058" MODIFIED="1495288139481" TEXT="Generally, there is no obligation to control third persons"/>
<node CREATED="1495288140381" ID="ID_1271418433" MODIFIED="1495288175978" TEXT="There is an obligation to control a third person if one has the ability and authority to do so and knows the person is likely to do harm if uncontrolled"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node CREATED="1184970986683" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_518170828" MODIFIED="1661871769615" TEXT="Breach of duty">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1184970973899" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_746630758" MODIFIED="1661871769614" TEXT="Standard of care">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node CREATED="1188729350791" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1854227760" MODIFIED="1661871769611" TEXT="General standard">
<node CREATED="1188729360655" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1183514384" MODIFIED="1661871769611" TEXT="Reasonable person">
<node CREATED="1188729796681" ID="Freemind_Link_477537442" MODIFIED="1629996803698" TEXT="The reasonable person standard means the care that would be exercised by a reasonable person under the circumstances.">
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<node CREATED="1188729371431" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1957120466" MODIFIED="1661871769611" TEXT="Objective standard">
<node CREATED="1629996695905" ID="ID_1437838718" MODIFIED="1629996789654" TEXT="I.e., it&apos;s not subjective. So it doesn&apos;t matter that the defendant thought they were being reasonably careful. What matters is whether they were being reasonably careful from an objective point of view."/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1188729375847" ID="Freemind_Link_221517567" MODIFIED="1188729407107" TEXT="Mental deficiencies not taken into account"/>
<node CREATED="1188729407791" ID="Freemind_Link_1433478366" MODIFIED="1566299299925" TEXT="Inexperience is not taken into account"/>
<node CREATED="1188729415703" ID="Freemind_Link_1473524575" MODIFIED="1188729428531" TEXT="Physical disabilities and limitations are taken into account"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188729440031" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1062928513" MODIFIED="1661871769614" TEXT="Specific standards">
<node CREATED="1188729763353" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_245128547" MODIFIED="1661871769612" TEXT="Children">
<node CREATED="1188729767993" ID="Freemind_Link_56247610" MODIFIED="1188729945933" TEXT="That of a child of like age, education, intelligence, and experience">
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<node CREATED="1188729946785" ID="Freemind_Link_1297983801" MODIFIED="1188729978357" TEXT="Children under four generally do not have the capacity to be negligent"/>
<node CREATED="1188729978801" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1005361552" MODIFIED="1661871769612" TEXT="Exception: children engaged in an adult activity">
<node CREATED="1188730020617" ID="Freemind_Link_1086916381" MODIFIED="1188730057584" TEXT="The relevant adult standard of care for the activity">
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<node CREATED="1629996156391" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1906330162" MODIFIED="1661871769612" TEXT="Bailment">
<node CREATED="1629996540733" ID="ID_1719417192" MODIFIED="1629996657489" TEXT="Bailment is one person holding on to another person&apos;s chattel. (E.g., renting a car.)"/>
<node CREATED="1629996659480" ID="ID_674624662" MODIFIED="1629996660946" TEXT="Many courts recognize special rules depending on the relationship of bailor and bailee. (For whose benefit is the bailment? Is the bailment in exchange for money?)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1629996161424" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1466432702" MODIFIED="1661871769612" TEXT="Owners/occupiers of land">
<node CREATED="1629996419072" ID="ID_1434945128" MODIFIED="1629996536167" TEXT="For conditions of the land, many courts recognize special rules that depend on the status of the plaintiff (trespasser, anticipated trespasser, child trespasser, licensee, invitee)"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1629996379681" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1276589074" MODIFIED="1661871769613" TEXT="Physicians (and other professionals engaged in their profession)">
<node CREATED="1629996230806" ID="ID_251410253" MODIFIED="1629996249584" TEXT="The standard of care is the prevailing standard of practice"/>
<node CREATED="1629996253919" ID="ID_15276977" MODIFIED="1629996274071" TEXT="Exception: The standard of care is ratcheted upward for defendant professionals with superior knowledge"/>
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<node CREATED="1188903403592" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_70304972" MODIFIED="1661871769613" TEXT="Negligence per se">
<node CREATED="1188903456240" ID="Freemind_Link_1353027495" MODIFIED="1535041693463" TEXT="When applicable, the plaintiff can have a statute&apos;s specific standard replace the general negligence standard"/>
<node CREATED="1188903516648" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_833557300" MODIFIED="1661871769613" TEXT="Test: class-of-persons/class-of-risk">
<node CREATED="1188903607047" ID="Freemind_Link_155125651" MODIFIED="1630012110768" TEXT="The plaintiff is in the class of persons the statute was designed to protect, AND"/>
<node CREATED="1188903625191" ID="Freemind_Link_295678537" MODIFIED="1188903651787" TEXT="The harm suffered is among the risks that the statute was designed to protect against"/>
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<node CREATED="1188904230108" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1854018484" MODIFIED="1661871769614" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1188904024689" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_791725257" MODIFIED="1661871769614" TEXT="Issue for jury or trier of fact">
<node CREATED="1629996830525" ID="ID_1296501138" MODIFIED="1629996855311" TEXT="Cf. existence of duty being an issue for the court"/>
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<node CREATED="1188904233924" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_577036234" MODIFIED="1661871769615" TEXT="Special case">
<node CREATED="1188904090643" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1272061416" MODIFIED="1661871769615" TEXT="Res ipsa loquitor">
<node CREATED="1188904097475" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_567732596" MODIFIED="1661871769615" TEXT="The very occurrence of an event may rebuttably establish negligence, if:">
<node CREATED="1188904150931" ID="Freemind_Link_984020301" MODIFIED="1630006680788" TEXT="The accident is of the type that would not normally occur absent negligence, AND"/>
<node CREATED="1188904179683" ID="Freemind_Link_1419595540" MODIFIED="1188904206807" TEXT="The instrumentalities of the accident were in defendant&apos;s sole control"/>
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<node CREATED="1184971019795" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1230114927" MODIFIED="1661871769619" TEXT="Actual causation">
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<node CREATED="1188904322921" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1089986026" MODIFIED="1661871769618" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1188904269083" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1939177211" MODIFIED="1661871769617" TEXT="&quot;But for&quot; test">
<node CREATED="1629996983019" ID="ID_567981682" MODIFIED="1629997053783" TEXT="If the injury would not have happened but for the defendant&apos;s breach of the duty of due care, then the but-for test is satisfied, and the plaintiff prevails on the issue of actual causation."/>
<node COLOR="#0033ff" CREATED="1629997079733" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1384033719" MODIFIED="1661871769617" TEXT="Here&apos;s an alternative way of stating the test (potentially less confusing).">
<node CREATED="1629996879857" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1319991357" MODIFIED="1661871769616" TEXT="If we took an imaginary trip back in time, and if we removed the defendant&apos;s breach, would the injury have happened anyway?">
<node CREATED="1629996932139" ID="ID_1111822623" MODIFIED="1629996974293" TEXT="If the injury would have happened anyway, then the but-for test is not met, and the plaintiff has not proven actual causation that way."/>
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<node CREATED="1504031419112" ID="ID_429748445" MODIFIED="1504031428307" TEXT="say &quot;a cause,&quot; not &quot;the cause&quot;"/>
<node CREATED="1629997179598" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1556755972" MODIFIED="1661871769617" TEXT="That&apos;s because many causes may be actual causes of an injury!">
<node CREATED="1629997354863" ID="ID_1855855484" MODIFIED="1630095748485" TEXT="E.g., a plaintiff could sue a driver for being drunk, a bartender for serving the driver, and a bar patron for lending the driver the car. All of them may be said to have breached their duty of care, and each one&apos;s breach could be said to be a but-for cause of the plaintiff&apos;s injuries."/>
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<node CREATED="1504030629926" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1958179939" MODIFIED="1661871769619" TEXT="Alternative ways to prove actual causation without meeting the but-for test">
<node CREATED="1188904281283" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_754795955" MODIFIED="1661871769618" TEXT="Multiple sufficient causes (&quot;twin fires&quot; doctrine)">
<node CREATED="1630065638959" ID="ID_1697092324" MODIFIED="1630065907055" TEXT="Rule: When each of multiple discrete careless acts committed by different multiple actors would, by itself, have caused the injury that resulted from the confluence of those acts, each act is deemed an actual cause, even though neither satisfies the but-for test."/>
<node CREATED="1630065641966" ID="ID_1872333505" MODIFIED="1630065858741" TEXT="It&apos;s easier with an example: Ayesha starts a fire. Bill starts a fire. The fires merge and the merged fire burns down your house. Ayesha says she isn&apos;t a but-for cause, because your house would have burned down ANYWAY from Bill&apos;s ignition. Bill says the same. The twin-fires doctrine allows you to win on actual causation against both even though neither is a but-for cause."/>
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<node CREATED="1188904342641" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1913102676" MODIFIED="1661871769619" TEXT="Summers v. Tice rule">
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<node CREATED="1188904359561" ID="Freemind_Link_989640261" MODIFIED="1630066401147" TEXT="Multiple defendants acted, breaching their duty of care, yet only one caused injury&#x2014;and it&apos;s unclear that either&apos;s conduct was more likely than not a but-for cause."/>
<node CREATED="1188904407173" ID="Freemind_Link_775957156" MODIFIED="1630066482302" TEXT="Rule: In such a case, actual causation is rebuttably established against all defendants. The burden of proof shifts to defendants, each to negate his or her own negligence."/>
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<node CREATED="1504030894013" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1430037465" MODIFIED="1661871769619" TEXT="Market-share liability">
<node CREATED="1630066515911" ID="ID_412167019" MODIFIED="1630066615982" TEXT="Similar to Summers v. Tice, but liability is capped at a percentage of total damages corresponding to each defendant&apos;s market share."/>
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<node CREATED="1184971027131" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_391866056" MODIFIED="1661871769622" TEXT="Proximate causation">
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<node CREATED="1504031196374" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_144869526" MODIFIED="1661871769622" TEXT="There are multiple tests ...">
<node CREATED="1188904462557" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_124154950" MODIFIED="1661871769621" TEXT="Foresseeability test">
<node CREATED="1504031591251" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_98542707" MODIFIED="1661871769620" TEXT="We ask, at the time of the breach,was it foreseeable that the plaintiff would suffer the injuries complained of?">
<node CREATED="1629997440856" ID="ID_874941637" MODIFIED="1629997460923" TEXT="If so, then proximate causation is satisifed."/>
<node CREATED="1188904562382" ID="Freemind_Link_440872266" MODIFIED="1661545937290" TEXT="Note: There are some complications and nuances about exactly what has to be foreseeable. But the extent or severity of harm is almost always considered foreseeable&#x2014;even if it&apos;s really not (the &quot;eggshell plaintiff rule&quot;)."/>
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<node CREATED="1188904592270" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1910229559" MODIFIED="1661871769621" TEXT="Negligence of medical professionals is always considered foreseeable">
<node CREATED="1629997636264" ID="ID_23474772" MODIFIED="1629997638438" TEXT="In other words, if I drive through a red light and injure you, and then at the hospital you are made worse by negligent doctors (e.g., needless amputation), I&apos;m on the hook for the additional damages. Which is to say, I can&apos;t get out of liability for the additional damages by saying it was not foreseeable that you&apos;d receive negligent medical care."/>
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<node CREATED="1504031916418" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1493175181" MODIFIED="1661871769621" TEXT="Harm-within-the-risk test">
<node CREATED="1504031928522" ID="ID_1318186929" MODIFIED="1504031992869" TEXT="We ask, is the harm suffered the kind of thing that made the activity risky?"/>
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<node CREATED="1441311471959" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_734643407" MODIFIED="1661871769623" TEXT="Injury (Damages)">
<node CREATED="1188904655381" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1726561713" MODIFIED="1661871769623" TEXT="Sufficient kinds of injuries">
<node CREATED="1188904661309" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1531207929" MODIFIED="1661871769622" TEXT="Personal injury">
<node CREATED="1504032163506" ID="ID_41400586" MODIFIED="1504032171836" TEXT="Damage to a person&apos;s physical body"/>
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<node CREATED="1188904675733" ID="Freemind_Link_1289773213" MODIFIED="1188904681136" TEXT="Property damage"/>
<node CREATED="1504032187158" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_156060880" MODIFIED="1661871769622" TEXT="Can other things qualify?">
<node CREATED="1189081988193" ID="Freemind_Link_404555722" MODIFIED="1630066959940" TEXT="Severe emotional distress&#x2014;in very particular circumstances&#x2014;can qualify as an injury via a doctrine called &quot;negligent infliction of emotional distress.&quot;">
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<node CREATED="1504032327794" ID="ID_1241150556" MODIFIED="1504032359835" TEXT="In some cases, courts allow negligence cases for mere economic damages -- when they do so is complicated"/>
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<node CREATED="1188905090019" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_408504792" MODIFIED="1661871769626" TEXT="Affirmative defenses">
<node CREATED="1188905180854" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_478157501" MODIFIED="1661871769625" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905093555" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1408160967" MODIFIED="1661871769624" TEXT="Contributory negligence">
<node CREATED="1504032730689" ID="ID_1509023277" MODIFIED="1504032751483" TEXT="The plaintiff&apos;s negligence contributed to the plaintiff&apos;s injury"/>
<node CREATED="1188905169270" ID="Freemind_Link_1957482509" MODIFIED="1188905176146" TEXT="Complete bar to recovery"/>
<node CREATED="1188905217056" ID="Freemind_Link_137418952" MODIFIED="1188905249779" TEXT="Most jurisdictions have rejected contributory negligence in favor of comparative negligence"/>
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<node CREATED="1188905251952" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_600123127" MODIFIED="1661871769624" TEXT="Comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905358030" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1627161976" MODIFIED="1661871769624" TEXT="Pure comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905404069" ID="Freemind_Link_748847489" MODIFIED="1188905420576" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is reduced by percentage of fault"/>
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<node CREATED="1188905422236" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1035517365" MODIFIED="1661871769624" TEXT="Partial comparative negligence">
<node CREATED="1188905438100" ID="Freemind_Link_190021880" MODIFIED="1188905484256" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is contingent upon defendant meeting a certain threshold percentage of fault"/>
<node CREATED="1188905484988" ID="Freemind_Link_1963220287" MODIFIED="1188905514608" TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is then reduced by percentage of fault "/>
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<node CREATED="1188905517756" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815051059" MODIFIED="1661871769625" TEXT="Assumption of risk">
<node CREATED="1495297504678" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_219150763" MODIFIED="1661871769625" TEXT="Requires">
<node CREATED="1495297512686" ID="ID_660024342" MODIFIED="1630092480502" TEXT="Knowing and appreciating the risk, including its severity and likelihood, AND"/>
<node CREATED="1495297691779" ID="ID_1278648023" MODIFIED="1495297700414" TEXT="Encountering the risk in a truly voluntary way"/>
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<node CREATED="1630067132931" ID="ID_150807412" MODIFIED="1630067372239" TEXT="Potential defendants are always trying to get their customers to sign things saying that the customer assumes all risk of injury. Sometimes these are valid, but often they are paper tigers. "/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1534938586978" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_524067885" MODIFIED="1661871769625" TEXT="Waiver, release, exculpatory contract">
<node CREATED="1534938688014" ID="ID_1352328707" MODIFIED="1630067475446" TEXT="These are different legal theories for the idea that the defendant should be off the hook because of the plaintiff&apos;s agreement/intent ahead of time not to pursue a claim"/>
<node CREATED="1534938891078" ID="ID_686041439" MODIFIED="1630067532058" TEXT="These are conceptually and doctrinally distinct from assumption of the risk, but courts often jumble all these things together."/>
<node CREATED="1630067414585" ID="ID_1919376765" MODIFIED="1630067442910" TEXT="As with assumption of risk, these can be paper tigers."/>
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<node CREATED="1188905713991" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1393082101" MODIFIED="1661871769631" TEXT="Strict liability">
<node CREATED="1189026905825" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1888860078" MODIFIED="1661871769626" TEXT="Generally">
<node CREATED="1189026909094" ID="Freemind_Link_1181263172" MODIFIED="1189026940038" TEXT="Under special circumstances, liability may be imposed without a showing of negligence or other form of culpability"/>
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<node CREATED="1188905720439" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1072620844" MODIFIED="1661871769631" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1188905730575" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_897173704" MODIFIED="1661871769630" TEXT="Absolute responsibility for safety">
<node CREATED="1630068070995" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1680131577" MODIFIED="1661871769626" TEXT="Wild animals">
<node CREATED="1630068075342" ID="ID_991286524" MODIFIED="1630068087973" TEXT="&quot;Wild&quot; means not domesticated"/>
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<node CREATED="1630068036227" ID="ID_985011128" MODIFIED="1630068044937" TEXT="Trespassing livestock"/>
<node CREATED="1188906066206" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1580415598" MODIFIED="1661871769626" TEXT="Domestic animals with known, vicious propensities">
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<node CREATED="1295454476672" ID="Freemind_Link_1648327758" MODIFIED="1295454484115" TEXT="compare to regular negligence"/>
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<node CREATED="1188906162602" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_38733715" MODIFIED="1661871769627" TEXT="Ultrahazardous / abnormally dangerous activities">
<node CREATED="1452783313057" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_186330532" MODIFIED="1661871769627" TEXT="Essence">
<node CREATED="1452783317853" ID="ID_1357993540" MODIFIED="1452783384505" TEXT="it&apos;s a policy determination that the party undertaking the activity ought to bear the full cost of any harm that comes of it"/>
<node CREATED="1452783449174" ID="ID_890819460" MODIFIED="1452783552775" TEXT="&quot;small triggers ... can release far larger forces&quot; (Epstein)"/>
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<node CREATED="1189081821746" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_270154599" MODIFIED="1661871769627" TEXT="Examples">
<node CREATED="1189081824698" ID="Freemind_Link_1207918876" MODIFIED="1189081826965" TEXT="Blasting"/>
<node CREATED="1189081827578" ID="Freemind_Link_1995875421" MODIFIED="1189081831077" TEXT="Oil drilling"/>
<node CREATED="1189081831874" ID="Freemind_Link_1704050418" MODIFIED="1189081834422" TEXT="Fumigation"/>
<node CREATED="1189081835778" ID="Freemind_Link_1084030166" MODIFIED="1189081840066" TEXT="Crop dusting"/>
<node CREATED="1452783579080" ID="ID_655788105" MODIFIED="1630068360140" TEXT="Fireworks display/performance/manufacturing"/>
<node CREATED="1452783571916" ID="ID_1774335212" MODIFIED="1630068405349" TEXT="Explosives using/storing/manufacturing"/>
<node CREATED="1630068406244" ID="ID_1302993865" MODIFIED="1630068417526" TEXT="Highly toxic chemicals using/storing/manufacturing"/>
<node CREATED="1295454506840" ID="Freemind_Link_163038393" MODIFIED="1535557515130" TEXT="Anything nuclear/radioactive"/>
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</node>
<node CREATED="1188906528530" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1242885425" MODIFIED="1661871769629" TEXT="Defective products">
<node CREATED="1188906594144" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1656234894" MODIFIED="1661871769627" TEXT="Defendant must be a &quot;commercial supplier&quot; of the product at issue">
<node CREATED="1188906663443" ID="Freemind_Link_432568009" MODIFIED="1189081866646" TEXT="Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers are commercial suppliers"/>
<node CREATED="1188906689019" ID="Freemind_Link_358119836" MODIFIED="1188906700079" TEXT="Not casual sellers"/>
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<node CREATED="1295459831004" ID="Freemind_Link_1917088610" MODIFIED="1630068676332" TEXT="Everyone in the distribution chain can be liable"/>
<node CREATED="1295455013751" ID="Freemind_Link_808524683" MODIFIED="1295455026258" TEXT="Must be a good, not a service"/>
<node CREATED="1295455074799" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1314926031" MODIFIED="1661871769628" TEXT="Injury must be to person or tangible property">
<node CREATED="1295455095511" ID="Freemind_Link_607770378" MODIFIED="1295455124818" TEXT="not the product itself; does not work as a warranty on the product"/>
<node CREATED="1295455162766" ID="Freemind_Link_251671394" MODIFIED="1295455210666" TEXT="does not cover purely monetary consequential damages flowing from failure to work right"/>
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<node CREATED="1295454733087" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_983077752" MODIFIED="1661871769629" TEXT="The product must be defective">
<node CREATED="1295455034687" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1239991049" MODIFIED="1661871769628" TEXT="Compare defect element to negligence">
<node CREATED="1661862231412" ID="ID_1417477308" MODIFIED="1661862717347" TEXT="In general, a defect is something that makes the product unreasonably dangerous. So, like negligence, it is built around notions of reasonability. But strict products liability has more or -- at least different -- specificity in the doctrine concerning how this determination is made."/>
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<node CREATED="1630068477546" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1030906253" MODIFIED="1661871769628" TEXT="Tests">
<node CREATED="1630068482085" ID="ID_1024444414" MODIFIED="1630068575807" TEXT="Consumer-expectations test: Would a reasonable consumer expect the danger in the product that caused the injury?"/>
<node CREATED="1630068577708" ID="ID_1127126022" MODIFIED="1630068653751" TEXT="Risk-utility test: Would making the product safer provide a benefit that would offset the increased price or loss of usefulness, taking into account the likelihood of injury?"/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1661861096061" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_43081002" MODIFIED="1661871769629" TEXT="Kinds of defects">
<node CREATED="1661861105023" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1746196694" MODIFIED="1661871769628" TEXT="Design defect">
<node CREATED="1661861115648" ID="ID_10275200" MODIFIED="1661861337378" TEXT="The product is defective as designed. E.g., it might lack safety features for which the added safety outweighs the added cost or decreased usefulness of the product.. The consumer-expectations test or risk-utility test can be used to show the existence of a design defect."/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1661861342982" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_398834286" MODIFIED="1661871769628" TEXT="Manufacturing defect">
<node CREATED="1661861372516" ID="ID_1332603470" MODIFIED="1661861563524" TEXT="Something went wrong in the manufacturing process that caused the particular unit of the product at issue to be defective. E.g., a bad weld on a tank, bacterial contamination in packaged food. The consumer-expectation test can be used to show the existence of a manufacturing defect. "/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1661861733343" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1121714409" MODIFIED="1661871769629" TEXT="Warning defect">
<node CREATED="1661861740594" ID="ID_827351226" MODIFIED="1661862183280" TEXT="There was a danger with the product that was known or reasonably knowable, and the defendant didn&apos;t adequately warn of it. A test that can be used is whether a warning was reasonable uder the circumstances to avoid danger."/>
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<node CREATED="1188905749159" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_168804169" MODIFIED="1661871769630" TEXT="Actual causation">
<node CREATED="1188905927368" ID="Freemind_Link_458521943" MODIFIED="1452782788661" TEXT="Same as for negligence, see above">
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<node CREATED="1188905840391" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_502915449" MODIFIED="1661871769630" TEXT="Proximate causation">
<node CREATED="1188905921711" ID="Freemind_Link_1205782934" MODIFIED="1452782798041" TEXT="Same as for negligence, see above">
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<node CREATED="1188905845535" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_568246881" MODIFIED="1661871769630" TEXT="Injury (damages)">
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<node CREATED="1179193058924" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_736690864" MODIFIED="1661871769639" POSITION="right" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Torts for oblique injuries (dignitary/economic)">
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<node CREATED="1453215098359" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1455003961" MODIFIED="1661871769632" TEXT="Intentional economic interference">
<node CREATED="1188907310676" ID="Freemind_Link_421545578" MODIFIED="1269792166777" TEXT="Intentional interference with contract"/>
<node CREATED="1179196197647" ID="Freemind_Link_1897518943" MODIFIED="1269792279902" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Intentional interference with prospective economic advantage">
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<node CREATED="1188907212946" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1579330656" MODIFIED="1661871769632" TEXT="Fraud">
<node CREATED="1566293082497" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_159891375" MODIFIED="1661871769632" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1453993870204" ID="ID_481369981" MODIFIED="1484664551778" TEXT="Material misrepresentation"/>
<node CREATED="1453993902277" ID="ID_1879589141" MODIFIED="1484664556077" TEXT="Scienter"/>
<node CREATED="1453993906078" ID="ID_1949636156" MODIFIED="1484664562297" TEXT="Intent to induce reliance"/>
<node CREATED="1453993917966" ID="ID_480608039" MODIFIED="1484664566708" TEXT="Actual reliance"/>
<node CREATED="1453993931559" ID="ID_874732062" MODIFIED="1484664572879" TEXT="Justifiable reliance"/>
<node CREATED="1453993936896" ID="ID_609867879" MODIFIED="1484664577091" TEXT="Damages"/>
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<node CREATED="1179196183575" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_520798905" MODIFIED="1661871769637" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Defamation">
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<node CREATED="1453995570918" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1753817558" MODIFIED="1661871769634" TEXT="Elements">
<node CREATED="1453995592423" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_311449670" MODIFIED="1661871769632" TEXT="defamatory statement">
<node CREATED="1453995724067" ID="ID_1174362384" MODIFIED="1453995727643" TEXT="reputation harming"/>
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<node CREATED="1453995631705" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1946424995" MODIFIED="1661871769633" TEXT="regarding a matter of fact">
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<node CREATED="1453995640334" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1517126687" MODIFIED="1661871769633" TEXT="of and concerning the plaintiff">
<node CREATED="1661631675726" ID="ID_497991289" MODIFIED="1661631760515" TEXT="for instannce, when a large group of people is identified in the defamatory statement, it may not be deemed of and concerning an individual member of the group"/>
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<node CREATED="1661631763185" ID="ID_1557625209" MODIFIED="1661631799144" TEXT="&quot;publication&quot; is a term of art; it just means being heard or read by at least one other person, not including the plaintiff and defendant"/>
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<node CREATED="1453995650674" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1246991798" MODIFIED="1661871769634" TEXT="plus an extra condition">
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<node CREATED="1453995666682" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1631297172" MODIFIED="1661871769633" TEXT="libel per quod">
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<node CREATED="1453995995523" ID="ID_1446294061" MODIFIED="1453996000002" TEXT="or prove special damages"/>
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<node CREATED="1188299988544" ID="Freemind_Link_1768454351" MODIFIED="1630071704889" TEXT="So-called &quot;trade libel&quot; is a name for defamation against a company">
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<node CREATED="1630071732251" ID="ID_541166197" MODIFIED="1630071804951" TEXT="Under many circumstances the First Amendment adds requirements and defenses to common-law defamation in a way that makes the law as a whole more protective of free speech."/>
<node CREATED="1630071722527" ID="ID_395731343" MODIFIED="1630071731225" TEXT="These are complicated ..."/>
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<node COLOR="#000000" CREATED="1295624315295" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_270994581" MODIFIED="1661871769637" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="Look at the Defamation Flowchart for a more complete explanation ...">
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<node CREATED="1566293594155" ID="ID_523115151" MODIFIED="1566293818375" STYLE="fork" TEXT="http://www.ericejohnson.com/m/Defamation_Flowchart.pdf"/>
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<node CREATED="1630072074760" ID="ID_1083070564" MODIFIED="1630072099160" TEXT="Or, more rarely, what you could call &quot;virtual impressment&quot;"/>
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<node COLOR="#333333" CREATED="1295624315295" ID="Freemind_Link_1025879761" MODIFIED="1630077136347" STYLE="bubble" TEXT="These torts tend to come up in the same fact patterns as defamation and IIED/outrage, so where you see one, you might look for the others as well.">
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<node CREATED="1630076656985" ID="ID_812172788" MODIFIED="1630077470744" TEXT="And just so you know,  many more torts exist ... There&apos;s malicious prosecution, breach of fiduciary duty, tortious breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing -- just to name a few."/>
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<node CREATED="1295622859546" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_143921361" MODIFIED="1661871769646" TEXT="The firefighter rule">
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<node CREATED="1295623516272" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1911789649" MODIFIED="1661871769648" TEXT="Wrongful death">
<node CREATED="1295623561548" ID="Freemind_Link_1169362189" MODIFIED="1295623569509" TEXT="Survivors bring action based on loss of loved one"/>
<node CREATED="1484664422339" ID="ID_1693170602" MODIFIED="1484664438994" TEXT="Not recognized in American common law"/>
<node CREATED="1484664442390" ID="ID_1932210205" MODIFIED="1484664459600" TEXT="Action created by statute"/>
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<node CREATED="1295623533435" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1509544927" MODIFIED="1661871769648" TEXT="Survival actions">
<node CREATED="1295623537560" ID="Freemind_Link_244400613" MODIFIED="1295623560168" TEXT="Survivors bring action based on causes of action that accrued to deceased before death"/>
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<node CREATED="1295623511835" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1287260535" MODIFIED="1661871769649" TEXT="Loss of consortium">
<node CREATED="1295623570885" ID="Freemind_Link_845684366" MODIFIED="1630071347634" TEXT="A close family member of a living primary tort victim can bring this action based on the loss experienced by the family member. (Example: Spouse in persistent vegetative state -- although it need not be that extreme.)"/>
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<node CREATED="1421927767564" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1514569506" MODIFIED="1661871769650" TEXT="Wrongful conception, birth, and life; unborn plaintiffs">
<node CREATED="1295623040547" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_102471866" MODIFIED="1661871769650" TEXT="Issues relating to pregnancy">
<node CREATED="1295623083697" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_859709189" MODIFIED="1661871769649" TEXT="Wrongful conception">
<node CREATED="1295623094110" ID="Freemind_Link_1905689320" MODIFIED="1295623103380" TEXT="brought by parents for failed contraception"/>
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<node CREATED="1295623398173" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_492264017" MODIFIED="1661871769649" TEXT="Wrongful birth">
<node CREATED="1295623402798" ID="Freemind_Link_1851444996" MODIFIED="1295623411079" TEXT="brought by parents for unterminated pregnancy"/>
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<node CREATED="1295623105909" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1023741906" MODIFIED="1661871769649" TEXT="Wrongful life">
<node CREATED="1295623110122" ID="Freemind_Link_1997118995" MODIFIED="1295623396167" TEXT="brought by child for unterminated pregnancy"/>
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<node CREATED="1295623449772" ID="Freemind_Link_1264229523" MODIFIED="1295623477293" TEXT="Suits by an unborn plaintiff against the mother"/>
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<node COLOR="#006699" CREATED="1547678741043" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1806455954" MODIFIED="1661871769652" POSITION="right" STYLE="fork" TEXT="About this mindmap ...">
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<node CREATED="1630075221562" ID="ID_521138240" MODIFIED="1661871748755" TEXT="Torts Mindmap. Revision date: August 30, 2022. Copyright 2022 Eric E. Johnson. ericejohnson.com">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
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<node CREATED="1630077486239" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_959925004" MODIFIED="1661871769651" TEXT="Warning: This mindmap oversimplifies!">
<font BOLD="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1630077571926" ID="ID_83961231" MODIFIED="1630077871780" TEXT="Don&apos;t rely on this for real-world legal problems. Jurisdictions are different, and things are complicated. And for studying, think of it as a framework or staring point, not a thorough statement of the relevant doctrine."/>
</node>
<node BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ffff99" CREATED="1630075440831" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1408410941" MODIFIED="1661871769651" TEXT="Allowed uses for students ...">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node CREATED="1630075751370" ID="ID_1370838884" MODIFIED="1630076300892" TEXT="Whether you are my student or studying torts elsewhere, if you would like to modify this document for your own use in studying, go ahead. If you&apos;d like to share your modified mindmap with others (such as giving it to friends or putting it in a student-group&apos;s outline bank), that&apos;s fine, but send me a copy after finals so that I can post it for others to build upon and modify provided they share it forward likewise. "/>
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<node CREATED="1630077816024" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_223491933" MODIFIED="1661871769651" TEXT="Allowed uses for others ...">
<node CREATED="1630075771428" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1265822625" MODIFIED="1661871769651" TEXT="Allowed uses for instructors, lawyers, etc. ...">
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<node CREATED="1630075801290" ID="ID_93136380" MODIFIED="1630075801290" TEXT="If you&apos;d like to redistribute this document or modify it for teaching/training purposes, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. I like hearing from fellow teachers and lawyers and I&apos;m almost always happy to give permission to re-use my materials on a gratis basis."/>
</node>
<node CREATED="1630075850659" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_795197397" MODIFIED="1661871769651" TEXT="Allowed uses for companies, publishers, organizations, and others ...">
<node CREATED="1630075943467" ID="ID_1324263480" MODIFIED="1630076007660" TEXT="For permissions, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. (Frequently I&apos;m up for giving gratis permission. But in the case of for-profit publishers and large educational services corporations, however, I would likely ask for a licensing fee.) "/>
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<node CREATED="1630075238174" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1298740804" MODIFIED="1661871769652" TEXT="More study resources and mindmap material ...">
<node CREATED="1630075281118" ID="ID_1002377343" MODIFIED="1630075414763" TEXT="are available at http://ericejohnson.com/projects/torts_materials/"/>
<node CREATED="1661871655662" ID="ID_187066259" MODIFIED="1661871702340" TEXT="Check out the Exam Archive: http://ericejohnson.com/exam_archive "/>
<node CREATED="1630075419884" ID="ID_495992575" MODIFIED="1630075435522" TEXT="And for subjects beyond torts, go to ericejohnson.com"/>
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