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<node TEXT="Personal/property torts" FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="ID_1486529420" CREATED="1629998630574" MODIFIED="1692831075443" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Intentional torts" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_257100052" CREATED="1179196305460" MODIFIED="1661871769608" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Generally" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482738337" CREATED="1188307738655" MODIFIED="1661871769578">
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<node TEXT="Act" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_705155684" CREATED="1188307750999" MODIFIED="1661871769575">
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<node TEXT="Volitional movement" ID="Freemind_Link_1740358424" CREATED="1188307776743" MODIFIED="1188307949714">
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<node TEXT="Not reflex" ID="Freemind_Link_1861908156" CREATED="1188307783303" MODIFIED="1188307949703">
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<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1737636603" CREATED="1179196360196" MODIFIED="1661871769577" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The conception of intent differs from tort to tort under the heading of &quot;intentional torts&quot;" ID="Freemind_Link_521010912" CREATED="1179196377447" MODIFIED="1188307949673" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Substantial certainty counts as intent" ID="Freemind_Link_1819488340" CREATED="1188307651630" MODIFIED="1188307949659">
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<node TEXT="Transferred intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1811320892" CREATED="1188307707927" MODIFIED="1661871769576">
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<node TEXT="Person to person" ID="Freemind_Link_1777839170" CREATED="1188307715671" MODIFIED="1188307949632">
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<node TEXT="Tort to tort" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_984191538" CREATED="1188307721880" MODIFIED="1661871769576">
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<node TEXT="Traditional view: Intent can transfer among any of battery, assault, false imprisonment, trespass to land, and trespass to chattels." ID="ID_1567741186" CREATED="1566295421156" MODIFIED="1566295563552"/>
<node TEXT="Today, many courts restrict transferred intent to only between battery and assault." ID="ID_984579234" CREATED="1566295478427" MODIFIED="1566295539194"/>
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<node TEXT="Motive is irrelevant, and is distinguished from intent." FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1487825660" CREATED="1188299404142" MODIFIED="1661871769577">
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<node TEXT="(Note that whether evidence of motive can be used at trial to establish intent or another element is a question for evidence law.)" ID="Freemind_Link_1792868985" CREATED="1188299437030" MODIFIED="1188308170101">
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<node TEXT="No issue of incompetence" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1449982026" CREATED="1188307800319" MODIFIED="1661871769577">
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<node TEXT="Children as well as persons with mental illness, developmental disability, and dementia can commit intentional torts." ID="Freemind_Link_171601976" CREATED="1188307810311" MODIFIED="1629980604819">
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<node TEXT="Causation" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1861532339" CREATED="1188307868199" MODIFIED="1661871769578">
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<node TEXT="Often causation is not an issue in an intentional torts case for prima facie liability." ID="ID_1030664123" CREATED="1515512488884" MODIFIED="1566295738242"/>
<node TEXT="But causation can matter a lot for the extent of damages recoverable." ID="ID_762994954" CREATED="1515512506626" MODIFIED="1629980530996"/>
<node TEXT="(Causation is considered in more depth under the heading of negligence, but the same concepts apply.)" ID="Freemind_Link_974689515" CREATED="1188307879007" MODIFIED="1566295729265">
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<node TEXT="The torts (causes of action)" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_605742427" CREATED="1179193100772" MODIFIED="1692831508627">
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<node TEXT="Battery" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_977629892" CREATED="1179193169133" MODIFIED="1692831248543" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1260881823" CREATED="1179193562913" MODIFIED="1661871769579" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The defendant undertook an act with the intent to and effecting a harmful or offensive touching of the plaintiff. " ID="Freemind_Link_1427041760" CREATED="1179193591201" MODIFIED="1692831374249">
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<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1102996217" CREATED="1179193948631" MODIFIED="1661871769580" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Act" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1735873355" CREATED="1179196060660" MODIFIED="1661871769579" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The defendant undertook an act, made some volitional motion (as opposed to a reflex, for instance). " ID="ID_533707206" CREATED="1661863043278" MODIFIED="1661863077818"/>
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<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1106045043" CREATED="1179196067109" MODIFIED="1661871769579" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The required intent is the intent to effect a battery. " ID="Freemind_Link_796880939" CREATED="1188298735238" MODIFIED="1661863109065">
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<node TEXT="Remember that substantial certainty counts as intent. " ID="ID_1225968272" CREATED="1515512791327" MODIFIED="1661863126909"/>
<node TEXT="Transferred intent can apply. From person-to-person works everywhere. For tort-to-tort transferred intent, courts differ. Intent to commit an assault works in all courts for battery. Some courts also allow transferred intent from false imprisonment, trespass to land, and trespass to chattels." ID="Freemind_Link_1629813847" CREATED="1188298775174" MODIFIED="1661863204489">
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<node TEXT="Harmful or offensive" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_830624601" CREATED="1179196080069" MODIFIED="1692831890531" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="&quot;Harmful or offensive&quot; is really a slogan for a more nuanced concept." ID="ID_348873025" CREATED="1629981866081" MODIFIED="1629982430206"/>
<node TEXT="Note the touching doesn&apos;t actually have to do harm or be offensive." ID="ID_95268153" CREATED="1515512963718" MODIFIED="1629982445345"/>
<node TEXT="The core notion is that people must respect others&apos; apparent desire to not be touched. " ID="ID_226815174" CREATED="1629981946118" MODIFIED="1629982146770"/>
<node TEXT="In dealings with strangers, what a reasonable person would glean and community standards play a role." ID="ID_1175122712" CREATED="1629982151962" MODIFIED="1629982346738"/>
<node TEXT="E.g., tapping a stranger on the shoulder is okay — but not after the stranger says not to touch their shoulders." ID="ID_567375953" CREATED="1629982347961" MODIFIED="1692830907284"/>
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<node TEXT="Touching" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_690372790" CREATED="1179196070317" MODIFIED="1661871769580" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Can be direct or indirect (e.g., setting something in motion, laying a trap)" ID="Freemind_Link_1306822570" CREATED="1188298230700" MODIFIED="1188471740108">
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<node TEXT="Touching of a person includes things intimately connected to the person. E.g., beating on the car that the plaintiff is in, grabbing an object the plaintiff is holding." ID="Freemind_Link_1307776247" CREATED="1188298270740" MODIFIED="1629981648242">
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<node TEXT="Assault" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_780742172" CREATED="1179193178996" MODIFIED="1692831248546" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1462792877" CREATED="1179193667153" MODIFIED="1661871769581" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The defendant undertook an act with intent effecting the immediate apprehension of a harmful or offensive touching of a person" ID="Freemind_Link_707575901" CREATED="1179193671065" MODIFIED="1692831370354">
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<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1491551839" CREATED="1179193737402" MODIFIED="1661871769584" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Act" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_758119212" CREATED="1179193742369" MODIFIED="1661871769581" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="see battery" ID="ID_1137964135" CREATED="1629988789169" MODIFIED="1692831910702">
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<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_94618121" CREATED="1179193748090" MODIFIED="1661871769582" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Generally, the intent required is the intent to effect an assault. " ID="Freemind_Link_1821609462" CREATED="1188298794078" MODIFIED="1692831910703">
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<node TEXT="Through transferred intent. intent to effect a battery suffices. " ID="Freemind_Link_528562695" CREATED="1188298803230" MODIFIED="1692831910705">
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<node TEXT="Immediate apprehension" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1053364713" CREATED="1179193754473" MODIFIED="1692831910705" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Fear distinguished from apprehension" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_42231645" CREATED="1188297944074" MODIFIED="1661871769582">
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<node TEXT="It is not necessary to be in fear of the touching -- just apprehending that it is about to occur." ID="ID_558851642" CREATED="1661862786215" MODIFIED="1661862836426"/>
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<node TEXT="Apparent ability sufficient" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1905652747" CREATED="1188298076506" MODIFIED="1661871769582">
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<node TEXT="So even if the defendant lacks the means to carry through the apprehended touching, it is enough that the plaintiff would think the capacity for the touch is there (e.g., pointing an unloaded or inert gun at someone). " ID="ID_1065931692" CREATED="1661863486295" MODIFIED="1661863543703"/>
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<node TEXT="Words alone are not sufficient" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_187150296" CREATED="1188298088786" MODIFIED="1661871769582">
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<node TEXT="There has to be some movement, some act." ID="ID_570215370" CREATED="1661863577218" MODIFIED="1661863589639"/>
<node TEXT="Note, however, that there is authority for the idea that words can negate the implications of movement/action (e.g., &quot;This gun isn&apos;t loaded, but if it were ... &quot;). " ID="Freemind_Link_499572146" CREATED="1188298103410" MODIFIED="1661863686094">
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<node TEXT="Immediacy" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_402630258" CREATED="1179193853678" MODIFIED="1692831330617">
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<node TEXT="Has to be right at that moment. " ID="ID_1508893122" CREATED="1629983506819" MODIFIED="1661863696031"/>
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<node TEXT="Of a harmful or offensive" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_118937770" CREATED="1629988688257" MODIFIED="1692831910705" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="see battery" ID="ID_464010802" CREATED="1629988789169" MODIFIED="1692831910706">
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<node TEXT="Touching" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1958306737" CREATED="1629988798995" MODIFIED="1692831910706" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="see battery" ID="ID_124562451" CREATED="1629988803841" MODIFIED="1692831910706">
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<node TEXT="False imprisonment" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_23262255" CREATED="1179193187884" MODIFIED="1692831943614" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_166957054" CREATED="1179197069408" MODIFIED="1661871769585" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The defendant intentionally confined the plaintiff and the plaintiff had awareness of the confinement. " ID="Freemind_Link_1543132944" CREATED="1188294809533" MODIFIED="1661863826365">
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<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1081786460" CREATED="1179197073448" MODIFIED="1661871769588" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_390412642" CREATED="1179197088000" MODIFIED="1661871769585" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The required intent is the intent to confine. " ID="ID_208359994" CREATED="1629988403899" MODIFIED="1661863851144"/>
<node TEXT="There is no requirement that there is an intent that the confinement is of a type that is illegal or improper. It just has to be intent to confine. " ID="ID_668681475" CREATED="1629988413976" MODIFIED="1661863879846"/>
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<node TEXT="Confinement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_218237828" CREATED="1179197094832" MODIFIED="1661871769587" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Confinement means being restricted to a closed, bounded area of an appreciable amount of time. " ID="ID_345632024" CREATED="1629989071241" MODIFIED="1661863919868"/>
<node TEXT="Bounded area" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1708330523" CREATED="1188298588126" MODIFIED="1661871769586">
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<node TEXT="Movement must be limited in all directions" ID="Freemind_Link_1814850810" CREATED="1188298593166" MODIFIED="1188308146363">
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<node TEXT="Any reasonable and reasonably knowable means of escape negates this element" ID="Freemind_Link_1359675253" CREATED="1188298613446" MODIFIED="1188471927206">
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<node TEXT="The bounded area cannot be the rest of the world" ID="Freemind_Link_691650115" CREATED="1188298658486" MODIFIED="1188308145627">
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<node TEXT="Duration of confinement is irrelevant. There is no minimum time that the plaintiff must be confined. " ID="Freemind_Link_1213174381" CREATED="1188298678366" MODIFIED="1661864053701">
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<node TEXT="Method of confinement " FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1199509935" CREATED="1661864068017" MODIFIED="1661871769587">
<node TEXT="Sufficient methods of confinement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_776912108" CREATED="1188298418996" MODIFIED="1661871769586">
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<node TEXT="Physical barriers" ID="Freemind_Link_622333321" CREATED="1188298446190" MODIFIED="1188308150023">
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<node TEXT="Force or imminent threat of force" ID="Freemind_Link_988161541" CREATED="1188298458598" MODIFIED="1661864339979">
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<node TEXT="Detaining chattels, if unreasonable to leave without them" ID="ID_83002917" CREATED="1515513781907" MODIFIED="1566295920795"/>
<node TEXT="Improper assertion of legal authority" ID="Freemind_Link_1517810734" CREATED="1188298463078" MODIFIED="1661864358100">
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<node TEXT="Act vs. omission (failure to release)" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_68298100" CREATED="1179197077936" MODIFIED="1661871769586" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Prototypically, the confinement is effectuated by an act of the defendant." ID="Freemind_Link_344515585" CREATED="1188298490798" MODIFIED="1661864300853">
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<node TEXT="But it could be an omission to act where there is a duty to release. " ID="ID_285687521" CREATED="1629988852339" MODIFIED="1661864305651"/>
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<node TEXT="Awareness (or harm)" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1593695528" CREATED="1179197105112" MODIFIED="1661871769587" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="The plaintiff only needs to be aware of the confinement; there&apos;s no requirement of harm. " ID="Freemind_Link_881766071" CREATED="1188298952766" MODIFIED="1661864872466">
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<node TEXT="Likewise, if plaintiff is unaware of the confinement, but is harmed by the confinement, this element is satisfied." ID="Freemind_Link_1258707651" CREATED="1188471954932" MODIFIED="1661864891257"/>
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<node TEXT="IIED / Outrage" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1090051187" CREATED="1179193208060" MODIFIED="1692831248548" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="This tort goes by the names of &quot;intentional infliction of emotional distress,&quot; &quot;IIED,&quot; and &quot;outrage.&quot;  " ID="ID_1749701260" CREATED="1629989311922" MODIFIED="1661864944966"/>
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<node TEXT="The defendant intentionally or recklessly inflicted, by extreme and outrageous conduct, severe emotional distress on the plaintiff.&#xa;" ID="Freemind_Link_571965884" CREATED="1188294899020" MODIFIED="1661864981573">
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<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1448954898" CREATED="1188294893084" MODIFIED="1692831410732" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Intent or recklessness" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_529893214" CREATED="1188295049409" MODIFIED="1692831414858" STYLE="bubble">
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<node TEXT="Note that recklessness counts as &quot;intent&quot; for outrage. " ID="Freemind_Link_1270201255" CREATED="1188472077907" MODIFIED="1661864990024"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Extreme and outrageous conduct" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1398139707" CREATED="1188295069025" MODIFIED="1692831414860" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The standard here is high -- must be truly outrageous" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_437628877" CREATED="1188472092971" MODIFIED="1661871769589">
<node TEXT="&quot;Generally, the case is one in which a recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would lead him to exclaim, &apos;Outrageous.&apos;&quot; - Dean v. Ford Motor Credit (5th Cir. 1989)." ID="ID_485449805" CREATED="1629989493119" MODIFIED="1629989890603"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Mere insults and demeaning conduct toward the plaintiff are generally not enough, but insulting conduct at the plaintiff can be enough for a claim ... " FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1351131434" CREATED="1661865046373" MODIFIED="1661871769589">
<node TEXT="where there&apos;s a pattern of the conduct over a substantial period of time, particularly in some place where the plaintiff is compelled to keep coming back to, such as school or the place where they work. " ID="ID_1724794806" CREATED="1661865098037" MODIFIED="1661865197856"/>
<node TEXT="where the plaintiff is a traveller and the defendant is a common carrier (airline, e.g.) or innkeeper (hotel operator, e.g.)." ID="ID_77968753" CREATED="1661865204959" MODIFIED="1661865272552"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Severe emotional distress" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_122646650" CREATED="1188295083097" MODIFIED="1692831414861" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Historically, courts used to say that the harm suffered had to be enough that plaintiff sought medical attention or had some physical manifestation, but that is not the majority rule today. " ID="Freemind_Link_1882779528" CREATED="1188298381356" MODIFIED="1661865366427">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="It is, at least, much more than merely being upset, or even really upset.  " ID="ID_1882061794" CREATED="1629989904089" MODIFIED="1661865383863"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Trespass to land" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815157284" CREATED="1179197221476" MODIFIED="1692831248549" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_880134744" CREATED="1188298981414" MODIFIED="1692831431308" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The defendant intentionally effected a physical intrusion (entry or failure to leave) of real property.  " ID="Freemind_Link_924120677" CREATED="1188298986734" MODIFIED="1661869797476">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_73247317" CREATED="1188299051446" MODIFIED="1692831431309" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Real property" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_957202826" CREATED="1188299084046" MODIFIED="1692831439442" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Surface" ID="Freemind_Link_1336192124" CREATED="1188299157019" MODIFIED="1188308134019">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="and things affixed to the surface" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1290000833" CREATED="1516117357885" MODIFIED="1661871769592">
<node TEXT="e.g., buildings and fixtures" ID="ID_1150184357" CREATED="1629990062482" MODIFIED="1661865639873"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Subsurface" ID="Freemind_Link_838333822" CREATED="1188299173475" MODIFIED="1188308133650">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Airspace to a reasonable distance" ID="Freemind_Link_1157007163" CREATED="1188299179363" MODIFIED="1188308133214">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_849320359" CREATED="1188299068094" MODIFIED="1692831439444" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The only intent needed is the intent to do the act that constitutes in the physical intrusion. " ID="Freemind_Link_637287482" CREATED="1188299197691" MODIFIED="1661865663016">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Not knowing that the land belongs to another person or honestly and reasonably believing one has permission to enter does not negate the intent element." ID="Freemind_Link_1959862202" CREATED="1188299227387" MODIFIED="1661865694005">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Intrusion" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1443266165" CREATED="1188299079278" MODIFIED="1692831439445" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Mere entry suffices" ID="ID_1156425017" CREATED="1629990145485" MODIFIED="1629990158755"/>
<node TEXT="Can be accomplished by person or object" ID="Freemind_Link_405341563" CREATED="1188299090134" MODIFIED="1566297084904">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Does not include intangibles, e.g., vibrations or odor, but could include particulates, depending on the court" ID="Freemind_Link_1184254174" CREATED="1188299113376" MODIFIED="1516117331125">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Can be accomplished by inducing a third person to enter" ID="ID_1177222669" CREATED="1629990191001" MODIFIED="1629990207899"/>
<node TEXT="Can include acting on a particular aspect of the real property" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1393054248" CREATED="1566296993908" MODIFIED="1661871769593">
<node TEXT="e.g., a party guest going into an off-limits area or acting on a fixture in an unauthorized way such as swinging from the chandelier" ID="ID_806306629" CREATED="1661869874161" MODIFIED="1661869998315"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Can include failure to leave or failure to remove something from the real property" ID="ID_781257137" CREATED="1566296953295" MODIFIED="1661870017241"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Trespass to chattels" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_812087076" CREATED="1179197225941" MODIFIED="1692831248549" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1998947121" CREATED="1188299258467" MODIFIED="1692831446870" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The defendant has effected an intentional interference with plaintiff&apos;s right of possession in a chattel. " ID="Freemind_Link_176522853" CREATED="1188299262859" MODIFIED="1661870158029">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1186593565" CREATED="1188299375606" MODIFIED="1692831446872" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1182382117" CREATED="1188299381102" MODIFIED="1692831453775" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Intent to act upon the chattel is all that is necessary. " ID="ID_771947536" CREATED="1629990412664" MODIFIED="1661870247121"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Interference" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_114622232" CREATED="1188302373368" MODIFIED="1692831453777" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Just touching isn&apos;t enough" ID="ID_777907676" CREATED="1516117418145" MODIFIED="1566296421382"/>
<node TEXT="Any of these can count as interference:" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1508586023" CREATED="1566296366557" MODIFIED="1661871769595">
<node TEXT="Actual damage to the chattel" ID="ID_1659446781" CREATED="1566296387459" MODIFIED="1566296440200"/>
<node TEXT="Actual dispossession of the chattel" ID="ID_730698153" CREATED="1566296446127" MODIFIED="1566296457855"/>
<node TEXT="Loss of use of the chattel for some appreciable amount of time" ID="ID_926945515" CREATED="1566296459035" MODIFIED="1566296477144"/>
<node TEXT="Harm to the plaintiff or to someone or something in whom the plaintiff has a legal interest" ID="ID_484138120" CREATED="1566296480560" MODIFIED="1629990486334"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="With right of posession" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1588869234" CREATED="1188302426161" MODIFIED="1692831453778" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The plaintiff doesn&apos;t have to be the owner of the chattel, just the person rightfully possessing it" ID="Freemind_Link_1432671569" CREATED="1188302501148" MODIFIED="1566296692291">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Chattel" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1420944990" CREATED="1188302494772" MODIFIED="1692831453778" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Moveable property" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1431376359" CREATED="1629990323767" MODIFIED="1661871769596">
<node TEXT="(Tangible property is either realty or chattels.)" ID="ID_409608789" CREATED="1629990330110" MODIFIED="1629990372345"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Not real property" ID="Freemind_Link_1977962452" CREATED="1188302560772" MODIFIED="1188308127378">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Not people" ID="Freemind_Link_1262839325" CREATED="1188302556756" MODIFIED="1188308127743">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Not intangible property" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1284033893" CREATED="1188302565052" MODIFIED="1661871769596">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Unless reduced to a tangible form (e.g., negotiable bearer bond)" ID="Freemind_Link_1579522476" CREATED="1188302985455" MODIFIED="1188308126575">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Animals count as chattels" ID="ID_1087973755" CREATED="1566296760105" MODIFIED="1566296769105"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Issues" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_474600789" CREATED="1188302604556" MODIFIED="1692831446872" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Distinguish from conversion" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1108823001" CREATED="1188302608437" MODIFIED="1661871769597">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="(see notes below)" ID="Freemind_Link_189235229" CREATED="1188302620316" MODIFIED="1629990496551">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Conversion" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1234278151" CREATED="1179197248549" MODIFIED="1692831248550" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Statement" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_166742207" CREATED="1188302673540" MODIFIED="1692831485351" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The defendant has effected an intentional interference with a person&apos;s right of possession in a chattel in so substantial a manner as to warrant a forced purchase. " ID="Freemind_Link_368420491" CREATED="1188302677772" MODIFIED="1661870177271">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1233455631" CREATED="1188302776036" MODIFIED="1692831485353" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Intent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_660248677" CREATED="1188302785540" MODIFIED="1692831492635" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="see trespass to chattels" ID="ID_1202485921" CREATED="1661870261529" MODIFIED="1692831867457">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Interference" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1236386643" CREATED="1188302791020" MODIFIED="1692831492637" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="same as for trespass to chattels ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1255011517" CREATED="1661870306355" MODIFIED="1692831867457">
<font SIZE="10"/>
<node TEXT="but then there has to also be the requisite substantiality (see below)." ID="ID_791347402" CREATED="1661871364580" MODIFIED="1661871373486"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Chattel" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1934234718" CREATED="1188302800580" MODIFIED="1692831492638" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="see trespass to chattels" ID="ID_1669365354" CREATED="1661870261529" MODIFIED="1692831867455">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Substantiality" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_369096677" CREATED="1188302803876" MODIFIED="1692831492638" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The interference with the chattel is so substantial ... " FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1203240855" CREATED="1188472430403" MODIFIED="1661871769599">
<node TEXT="it warrants a forcing the defendant to purchase the chattel. " FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1960283636" CREATED="1661871443293" MODIFIED="1661871769599">
<node TEXT="You can say that conversion is best explained and understood teleologically. (If that helps you; if it doesn&apos;t, don&apos;t worry about it.)" ID="ID_250388981" CREATED="1661870833682" MODIFIED="1661870950054"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="It&apos;s a matter of degree, there&apos;s no hard line. " ID="ID_613505146" CREATED="1629990836744" MODIFIED="1661870585928"/>
<node TEXT="Some indications or factors militating in favor of conversion: " FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1176940025" CREATED="1188302869181" MODIFIED="1661871769600">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Length of time withheld is great." ID="Freemind_Link_1268313153" CREATED="1188302898860" MODIFIED="1661871524875">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Amount and severity of damage is great." ID="Freemind_Link_15814406" CREATED="1188302909428" MODIFIED="1661871530878">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="It&apos;s &quot;totaled.&quot;" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_870620579" CREATED="1188303030263" MODIFIED="1661871769600">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="i.e., the repair costs exceed the value" ID="ID_1513749643" CREATED="1661870544084" MODIFIED="1661870566055"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Comparing conversion and trespass to chattels" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_670279372" CREATED="1188302849644" MODIFIED="1661871769600">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="For conversion, what it really comes down to is whether the interference is so substantial it justifies conversion&apos;s special remedy of the forced purchase. " ID="ID_1017498219" CREATED="1629991052974" MODIFIED="1661870944670"/>
<node TEXT="If the interference has the requisite substantiality for conversion, that doesn&apos;t mean that a claim for trespass to chattels does not work! (The plaintiff could sue on either claim, or sue on both and elect a remedy later.)" ID="ID_1623500180" CREATED="1661870951696" MODIFIED="1661871276352"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Issues" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_2533999" CREATED="1188302845268" MODIFIED="1692831485354" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="In the remedy for conversion, after paying damages, the defendant retains the converted property." ID="Freemind_Link_914265485" CREATED="1188472460339" MODIFIED="1566297361607"/>
<node TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s choice" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_274834490" CREATED="1566297268202" MODIFIED="1661871769601">
<node TEXT="If the facts are appropriate for alleging conversion, then the plaintiff can choose to pursue that claim. But the plaintiff doesn&apos;t have to! If the plaintiff wants the chattel back, they always have the choice of pursing a trespass to chattels claim." ID="ID_1893037364" CREATED="1566297309464" MODIFIED="1661871586172"/>
<node TEXT="Often the core concept in conversion is referred to as a &quot;forced sale.&quot; But &quot;forced purchase&quot; is more accurate. The defendant can&apos;t make the plaintiff sell the chattel." ID="ID_347244957" CREATED="1629990697058" MODIFIED="1629990802422"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Issues" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_303607022" CREATED="1188298861078" MODIFIED="1661871769602">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="&quot;Eggshell plaintiff&quot; rule" ID="Freemind_Link_851109293" CREATED="1188298865950" MODIFIED="1188308117099">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defenses" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1482779529" CREATED="1188298876686" MODIFIED="1661871769607">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Consent" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1837917488" CREATED="1188298879974" MODIFIED="1661871769603">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Scope" ID="Freemind_Link_42825652" CREATED="1188907474086" MODIFIED="1188907477266"/>
<node TEXT="Express, implied in fact, implied by law" ID="Freemind_Link_1122341217" CREATED="1188907478414" MODIFIED="1188907499898"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defense of self" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_282442069" CREATED="1188298899310" MODIFIED="1661871769603">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="A person is entitled to use reasonable force to prevent any reasonably believed threat of imminent battery or false imprisonment" ID="Freemind_Link_591744880" CREATED="1188907560093" MODIFIED="1188907651440"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defense of others" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_401999780" CREATED="1188298907870" MODIFIED="1661871769603">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Same as self defense, but in a majority of jurisdictions, a mistake in perceiving a threat, even if reasonable, will void the defense" ID="Freemind_Link_265139230" CREATED="1188907665724" MODIFIED="1188907757078"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defense of property" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_959946702" CREATED="1188907536150" MODIFIED="1661871769603">
<node TEXT="In general, a person is entitled to use reasonable force to protect land and chattels" ID="Freemind_Link_1325806999" CREATED="1188907759867" MODIFIED="1566297708615"/>
<node TEXT="Note: This is a complex and contested area of the law. What might be privileged in one place might subject someone to tort and criminal liability in another." ID="Freemind_Link_1699062365" CREATED="1188907847681" MODIFIED="1566297695700" COLOR="#ff0000">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Arrest" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_963004123" CREATED="1188908141460" MODIFIED="1661871769604">
<node TEXT="Police" ID="Freemind_Link_1182308697" CREATED="1188908179575" MODIFIED="1188908182227"/>
<node TEXT="Citizen" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_937327978" CREATED="1188908182863" MODIFIED="1661871769604">
<node TEXT="Privilege is much more limited than for police" ID="Freemind_Link_1594935738" CREATED="1188908188919" MODIFIED="1188908239607"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Private necessity" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_165496352" CREATED="1188298883270" MODIFIED="1661871769605">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="A person is privileged to invade the property rights of another to avoid injury to person or property, but must pay compensatory damages" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1990536684" CREATED="1188907899581" MODIFIED="1661871769604">
<node TEXT="Note: Private necessity is recognized as a defense that applies only to the property torts: trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion" ID="Freemind_Link_1338373347" CREATED="1188908009004" MODIFIED="1566297839590"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Public necessity" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1999641447" CREATED="1188298889622" MODIFIED="1661871769607">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Same as for private necessity, but where the community at large is threatened, no compensatory damages are owed." FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1896813188" CREATED="1188908040412" MODIFIED="1661871769606">
<node TEXT="Note: Public necessity is recognized as a defense that applies only to the property torts: trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion" ID="Freemind_Link_1894082142" CREATED="1188908099980" MODIFIED="1566297826776"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Intent-not-required torts" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_230337964" CREATED="1219831707668" MODIFIED="1692831183726" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_1129427303" CREATED="1179193119876" MODIFIED="1692831217815" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Elements" ID="Freemind_Link_1646083012" CREATED="1184970954735" MODIFIED="1692831528172" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Duty" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1767901674" CREATED="1184970967025" MODIFIED="1692831534124" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="General duty" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1495602598" CREATED="1188728988200" MODIFIED="1661871769608">
<node TEXT="A general duty of care is owed to all foreseeable plaintiffs" ID="Freemind_Link_435461521" CREATED="1188729004154" MODIFIED="1188913502167"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Whether a duty exists is generally an issue for the judge, not the jury" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1419136305" CREATED="1629991585862" MODIFIED="1661871769608">
<node TEXT="In other words, the issue of whether a duty exists becomes a vehicle for preventing a case from reaching a jury" ID="ID_1384886267" CREATED="1629991636969" MODIFIED="1630009888205"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="No affirmative duty to act" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1883664118" CREATED="1188903711945" MODIFIED="1661871769610">
<node TEXT="Some exceptions" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1572882974" CREATED="1188903725697" MODIFIED="1661871769610">
<node TEXT="Defendant-created peril" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1311963019" CREATED="1188903810673" MODIFIED="1661871769609">
<node TEXT="Defendant has a duty to assist someone in peril because of the defendant&apos;s negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_763896387" CREATED="1188903869190" MODIFIED="1188903894890"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Special relationships" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1348079644" CREATED="1495281603854" MODIFIED="1661871769609">
<node TEXT="Common carriers, innkeepers, shopkeepers – to their passengers, guests, and customers" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_322868523" CREATED="1188903914302" MODIFIED="1661871769609">
<node TEXT="Those who solicit and gather the public for their own profit owe a duty to aid patrons" ID="Freemind_Link_1973398953" CREATED="1188903948993" MODIFIED="1188904002053"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="People hired to provide assistance (e.g., bodyguard to rock star, lifeguard to pool patron)" ID="ID_960926684" CREATED="1692824417286" MODIFIED="1692824458669"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Assumption of duty by acting" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_767822415" CREATED="1188903730881" MODIFIED="1661871769609">
<node TEXT="Exception: good samaritan statutes sometimes protect people (often limited to medical professionals, but sometimes applying to any well-meaning stranger) from liability for ordinary, but not gross, negligence in voluntarily acting to help someone" ID="Freemind_Link_340225832" CREATED="1188903747385" MODIFIED="1629992381683"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Obligation to control third persons SOMETIMES" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_594831398" CREATED="1495281676944" MODIFIED="1661871769610">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Generally, there is no obligation to control third persons" ID="ID_1274344058" CREATED="1495288129855" MODIFIED="1495288139481"/>
<node TEXT="There is an obligation to control a third person if one has the ability and authority to do so and knows the person is likely to do harm if uncontrolled" ID="ID_1271418433" CREATED="1495288140381" MODIFIED="1495288175978"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Breach of duty" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_518170828" CREATED="1184970986683" MODIFIED="1692831534125" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Standard of care" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_746630758" CREATED="1184970973899" MODIFIED="1661871769614">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="General standard" ID="Freemind_Link_1854227760" CREATED="1188729350791" MODIFIED="1661871769611">
<node TEXT="Reasonable person" ID="Freemind_Link_1183514384" CREATED="1188729360655" MODIFIED="1661871769611">
<node TEXT="The reasonable person standard means the care that would be exercised by a reasonable person under the circumstances." ID="Freemind_Link_477537442" CREATED="1188729796681" MODIFIED="1629996803698">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Objective standard" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1957120466" CREATED="1188729371431" MODIFIED="1661871769611">
<node TEXT="I.e., it&apos;s not subjective. So it doesn&apos;t matter that the defendant thought they were being reasonably careful. What matters is whether they were being reasonably careful from an objective point of view." ID="ID_1437838718" CREATED="1629996695905" MODIFIED="1629996789654"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Mental deficiencies not taken into account" ID="Freemind_Link_221517567" CREATED="1188729375847" MODIFIED="1188729407107"/>
<node TEXT="Inexperience is not taken into account" ID="Freemind_Link_1433478366" CREATED="1188729407791" MODIFIED="1566299299925"/>
<node TEXT="Physical disabilities and limitations are taken into account" ID="Freemind_Link_1473524575" CREATED="1188729415703" MODIFIED="1188729428531"/>
<node TEXT="Superior skill, experience, and knowledge work to increase the standard of care for defendants with that superior skill, experience or knowledge" ID="ID_1797376676" CREATED="1693253363888" MODIFIED="1693253419579"/>
<node TEXT="Custom is probabative, but not dispositive" ID="ID_135116355" CREATED="1693253841820" MODIFIED="1693253852619"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Specific standards" ID="Freemind_Link_1062928513" CREATED="1188729440031" MODIFIED="1661871769614">
<node TEXT="Children" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_245128547" CREATED="1188729763353" MODIFIED="1661871769612">
<node TEXT="That of a child of like age, education, intelligence, and experience" ID="Freemind_Link_56247610" CREATED="1188729767993" MODIFIED="1188729945933">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Children four and under generally do not have the capacity to be negligent" ID="Freemind_Link_1297983801" CREATED="1188729946785" MODIFIED="1693253611886"/>
<node TEXT="Exception: children engaged in an adult activity" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1005361552" CREATED="1188729978801" MODIFIED="1661871769612">
<node TEXT="The relevant adult standard of care for the activity" ID="Freemind_Link_1086916381" CREATED="1188730020617" MODIFIED="1188730057584">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Bailment" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1906330162" CREATED="1629996156391" MODIFIED="1661871769612">
<node TEXT="Bailment is one person holding on to another person&apos;s chattel. (E.g., renting a car.)" ID="ID_1719417192" CREATED="1629996540733" MODIFIED="1629996657489"/>
<node TEXT="Many courts recognize special rules depending on the relationship of bailor and bailee. (For whose benefit is the bailment? Is the bailment in exchange for money?)" ID="ID_674624662" CREATED="1629996659480" MODIFIED="1629996660946"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Owners/occupiers of land" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1466432702" CREATED="1629996161424" MODIFIED="1661871769612">
<node TEXT="For conditions of the land, many courts recognize special rules that depend on the status of the plaintiff (trespasser, anticipated trespasser, child trespasser, licensee, invitee)" ID="ID_1434945128" CREATED="1629996419072" MODIFIED="1629996536167"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Physicians (and other professionals engaged in their profession)" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1276589074" CREATED="1629996379681" MODIFIED="1661871769613">
<node TEXT="The standard of care is the prevailing standard of practice" ID="ID_251410253" CREATED="1629996230806" MODIFIED="1629996249584">
<node TEXT="In other words, the custom among professionals in that profession" ID="ID_1841785515" CREATED="1693254099377" MODIFIED="1693254115523"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Exception: The standard of care is ratcheted upward for defendant professionals with superior knowledge" ID="ID_15276977" CREATED="1629996253919" MODIFIED="1629996274071"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Negligence per se" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_70304972" CREATED="1188903403592" MODIFIED="1661871769613">
<node TEXT="When applicable, the plaintiff can have a statute&apos;s specific standard replace the general negligence standard" ID="Freemind_Link_1353027495" CREATED="1188903456240" MODIFIED="1535041693463"/>
<node TEXT="Test: class-of-persons/class-of-risks" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_833557300" CREATED="1188903516648" MODIFIED="1693254505647">
<node TEXT="The plaintiff is in the class of persons the statute was designed to protect, AND" ID="Freemind_Link_155125651" CREATED="1188903607047" MODIFIED="1630012110768"/>
<node TEXT="The harm suffered is among the risks that the statute was designed to protect against" ID="Freemind_Link_295678537" CREATED="1188903625191" MODIFIED="1188903651787"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Generally" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1854018484" CREATED="1188904230108" MODIFIED="1661871769614">
<node TEXT="Issue for jury or trier of fact" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_791725257" CREATED="1188904024689" MODIFIED="1661871769614">
<node TEXT="Cf. existence of duty being an issue for the court" ID="ID_1296501138" CREATED="1629996830525" MODIFIED="1629996855311"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Special case" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_577036234" CREATED="1188904233924" MODIFIED="1661871769615">
<node TEXT="Res ipsa loquitur" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1272061416" CREATED="1188904090643" MODIFIED="1693254738006">
<node TEXT="The very occurrence of an event may rebuttably establish negligence, if:" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_567732596" CREATED="1188904097475" MODIFIED="1661871769615">
<node TEXT="The accident is of the type that would not normally occur absent negligence, AND" ID="Freemind_Link_984020301" CREATED="1188904150931" MODIFIED="1630006680788"/>
<node TEXT="The instrumentalities of the accident were in defendant&apos;s sole control" ID="Freemind_Link_1419595540" CREATED="1188904179683" MODIFIED="1188904206807"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Actual causation" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1230114927" CREATED="1184971019795" MODIFIED="1692831534126" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Generally" ID="Freemind_Link_1089986026" CREATED="1188904322921" MODIFIED="1661871769618">
<node TEXT="&quot;But for&quot; test" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1939177211" CREATED="1188904269083" MODIFIED="1661871769617">
<node TEXT="If the injury would not have happened but for the defendant&apos;s breach of the duty of due care, then the but-for test is satisfied, and the plaintiff prevails on the issue of actual causation." ID="ID_567981682" CREATED="1629996983019" MODIFIED="1629997053783"/>
<node TEXT="Here&apos;s an alternative way of stating the test (potentially less confusing)." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1384033719" CREATED="1629997079733" MODIFIED="1661871769617" COLOR="#0033ff">
<node TEXT="If we took an imaginary trip back in time, and if we removed the defendant&apos;s breach, would the injury have happened anyway?" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1319991357" CREATED="1629996879857" MODIFIED="1661871769616">
<node TEXT="If the injury would have happened anyway, then the but-for test is not met, and the plaintiff has not proven actual causation that way." ID="ID_1111822623" CREATED="1629996932139" MODIFIED="1629996974293"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="tip" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_174227918" CREATED="1504031413881" MODIFIED="1661871769618" COLOR="#0000cc" BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ccccff">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" ITALIC="true"/>
<node TEXT="say &quot;a cause,&quot; not &quot;the cause&quot;" ID="ID_429748445" CREATED="1504031419112" MODIFIED="1504031428307"/>
<node TEXT="That&apos;s because many causes may be actual causes of an injury!" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1556755972" CREATED="1629997179598" MODIFIED="1661871769617">
<node TEXT="E.g., a plaintiff could sue a driver for being drunk, a bartender for serving the driver, and a bar patron for lending the driver the car. All of them may be said to have breached their duty of care, and each one&apos;s breach could be said to be a but-for cause of the plaintiff&apos;s injuries." ID="ID_1855855484" CREATED="1629997354863" MODIFIED="1630095748485"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Alternative ways to prove actual causation without meeting the but-for test" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1958179939" CREATED="1504030629926" MODIFIED="1661871769619">
<node TEXT="Multiple sufficient causes (doctrine from the &quot;twin fires&quot; cases)" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_754795955" CREATED="1188904281283" MODIFIED="1693255473938">
<node TEXT="Rule: When each of multiple discrete careless acts committed by different multiple actors would, by itself, have caused the injury that resulted from the confluence of those acts, each act is deemed an actual cause, even though neither satisfies the but-for test." ID="ID_1697092324" CREATED="1630065638959" MODIFIED="1630065907055"/>
<node TEXT="It&apos;s easier with an example: Ayesha starts a fire. Bill starts a fire. The fires merge and the merged fire burns down your house. Ayesha says she isn&apos;t a but-for cause, because your house would have burned down ANYWAY from Bill&apos;s ignition. Bill says the same. The doctrine allows you to win on actual causation against both even though neither is a but-for cause." ID="ID_1872333505" CREATED="1630065641966" MODIFIED="1693255665330"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Summers v. Tice rule" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1913102676" CREATED="1188904342641" MODIFIED="1661871769619">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Multiple defendants acted, breaching their duty of care, yet only one caused injury—and it&apos;s unclear that either&apos;s conduct was more likely than not a but-for cause." ID="Freemind_Link_989640261" CREATED="1188904359561" MODIFIED="1630066401147"/>
<node TEXT="Rule: In such a case, actual causation is rebuttably established against all defendants. The burden of proof shifts to defendants, each to negate his or her own negligence." ID="Freemind_Link_775957156" CREATED="1188904407173" MODIFIED="1630066482302"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Market-share liability" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1430037465" CREATED="1504030894013" MODIFIED="1661871769619">
<node TEXT="Similar to Summers v. Tice, but liability is capped at a percentage of total damages corresponding to each defendant&apos;s market share." ID="ID_412167019" CREATED="1630066515911" MODIFIED="1630066615982"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Proximate causation" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_391866056" CREATED="1184971027131" MODIFIED="1692831534127" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="There are multiple tests ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_144869526" CREATED="1504031196374" MODIFIED="1661871769622">
<node TEXT="Foresseeability test" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_124154950" CREATED="1188904462557" MODIFIED="1661871769621">
<node TEXT="We ask, at the time of the breach,was it foreseeable that the plaintiff would suffer the injuries complained of?" ID="ID_98542707" CREATED="1504031591251" MODIFIED="1661871769620">
<node TEXT="If so, then proximate causation is satisifed." ID="ID_874941637" CREATED="1629997440856" MODIFIED="1629997460923"/>
<node TEXT="Note: There are some complications and nuances about exactly what has to be foreseeable. But the extent or severity of harm is almost always considered foreseeable—even if it&apos;s really not (the &quot;eggshell plaintiff rule&quot;)." ID="Freemind_Link_440872266" CREATED="1188904562382" MODIFIED="1661545937290"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Negligence of medical professionals is always considered foreseeable" ID="Freemind_Link_1910229559" CREATED="1188904592270" MODIFIED="1661871769621">
<node TEXT="In other words, if I drive through a red light and injure you, and then at the hospital you are made worse by negligent doctors (e.g., needless amputation), I&apos;m on the hook for the additional damages. Which is to say, I can&apos;t get out of liability for the additional damages by saying it was not foreseeable that you&apos;d receive negligent medical care." ID="ID_23474772" CREATED="1629997636264" MODIFIED="1629997638438"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Harm-within-the-risk test" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1493175181" CREATED="1504031916418" MODIFIED="1661871769621">
<node TEXT="We ask, is the harm suffered the kind of thing that made the activity risky?" ID="ID_1318186929" CREATED="1504031928522" MODIFIED="1504031992869"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Injury (Damages)" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_734643407" CREATED="1441311471959" MODIFIED="1692831534127" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Sufficient kinds of injuries" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1726561713" CREATED="1188904655381" MODIFIED="1661871769623">
<node TEXT="Personal injury" ID="Freemind_Link_1531207929" CREATED="1188904661309" MODIFIED="1661871769622">
<node TEXT="Damage to a person&apos;s physical body" ID="ID_41400586" CREATED="1504032163506" MODIFIED="1504032171836"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Property damage" ID="Freemind_Link_1289773213" CREATED="1188904675733" MODIFIED="1188904681136">
<node TEXT="physical damage to land or chattel" ID="ID_1469411651" CREATED="1693256703122" MODIFIED="1693256712050"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Can other things qualify?" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_156060880" CREATED="1504032187158" MODIFIED="1661871769622">
<node TEXT="Severe emotional distress—in very particular circumstances—can qualify as an injury via a doctrine called &quot;negligent infliction of emotional distress.&quot;" ID="Freemind_Link_404555722" CREATED="1189081988193" MODIFIED="1630066959940">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="In some cases, courts allow negligence cases for mere economic damages -- when they do so is complicated" ID="ID_1241150556" CREATED="1504032327794" MODIFIED="1504032359835"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Affirmative defenses" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_408504792" CREATED="1188905090019" MODIFIED="1692831528173" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Based on plaintiff&apos;s negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_478157501" CREATED="1188905180854" MODIFIED="1692831751348">
<node TEXT="Contributory negligence" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1408160967" CREATED="1188905093555" MODIFIED="1692831658627" STYLE="bubble">
<font SIZE="10" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="The plaintiff&apos;s negligence contributed to the plaintiff&apos;s injury" ID="ID_1509023277" CREATED="1504032730689" MODIFIED="1504032751483"/>
<node TEXT="Complete bar to recovery" ID="Freemind_Link_1957482509" CREATED="1188905169270" MODIFIED="1188905176146"/>
<node TEXT="Most jurisdictions have rejected contributory negligence in favor of comparative negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_137418952" CREATED="1188905217056" MODIFIED="1188905249779"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Comparative negligence" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_600123127" CREATED="1188905251952" MODIFIED="1692831658629" STYLE="bubble">
<font SIZE="10" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Pure comparative negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_1627161976" CREATED="1188905358030" MODIFIED="1661871769624">
<node TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is reduced by percentage of fault" ID="Freemind_Link_748847489" CREATED="1188905404069" MODIFIED="1188905420576"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Partial comparative negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_1035517365" CREATED="1188905422236" MODIFIED="1661871769624">
<node TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is contingent upon defendant meeting a certain threshold percentage of fault" ID="Freemind_Link_190021880" CREATED="1188905438100" MODIFIED="1188905484256"/>
<node TEXT="Plaintiff&apos;s award is then reduced by percentage of fault " ID="Freemind_Link_1963220287" CREATED="1188905484988" MODIFIED="1188905514608"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Assumption of risk" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815051059" CREATED="1188905517756" MODIFIED="1692831675642" STYLE="bubble">
<font SIZE="10" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Requires" ID="ID_219150763" CREATED="1495297504678" MODIFIED="1661871769625">
<node TEXT="Knowing and appreciating the risk, including its severity and likelihood, AND" ID="ID_660024342" CREATED="1495297512686" MODIFIED="1630092480502"/>
<node TEXT="Encountering the risk in a truly voluntary way" ID="ID_1278648023" CREATED="1495297691779" MODIFIED="1495297700414"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Potential defendants are always trying to get their customers to sign things saying that the customer assumes all risk of injury. Sometimes these are valid, but often they are paper tigers. " ID="ID_150807412" CREATED="1630067132931" MODIFIED="1630067372239"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Waiver; release; exculpatory contract" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_524067885" CREATED="1534938586978" MODIFIED="1692831723058" STYLE="bubble">
<font SIZE="10" BOLD="true" ITALIC="false"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="These are different legal theories for the idea that the defendant should be off the hook because of the plaintiff&apos;s agreement/intent ahead of time not to pursue a claim" ID="ID_1352328707" CREATED="1534938688014" MODIFIED="1630067475446"/>
<node TEXT="These are conceptually and doctrinally distinct from assumption of the risk, but courts often jumble all these things together." ID="ID_686041439" CREATED="1534938891078" MODIFIED="1630067532058"/>
<node TEXT="As with assumption of risk, these can be paper tigers." ID="ID_1919376765" CREATED="1630067414585" MODIFIED="1630067442910"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Strict liability" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1393082101" CREATED="1188905713991" MODIFIED="1692831235110" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Generally" ID="Freemind_Link_1888860078" CREATED="1189026905825" MODIFIED="1692831769244" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Under special circumstances, liability may be imposed without a showing of negligence or other form of culpability" ID="Freemind_Link_1181263172" CREATED="1189026909094" MODIFIED="1189026940038"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1072620844" CREATED="1188905720439" MODIFIED="1692831769245" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Absolute responsibility for safety" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_897173704" CREATED="1188905730575" MODIFIED="1692831774202" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Wild animals" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1680131577" CREATED="1630068070995" MODIFIED="1661871769626">
<node TEXT="&quot;Wild&quot; means not domesticated" ID="ID_991286524" CREATED="1630068075342" MODIFIED="1630068087973"/>
<node TEXT="Applies to the keeping of or possessing of wild animals" ID="ID_920799330" CREATED="1693339624436" MODIFIED="1693339642720"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Trespassing livestock" ID="ID_985011128" CREATED="1630068036227" MODIFIED="1630068044937"/>
<node TEXT="Domestic animals with known, vicious propensities" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1580415598" CREATED="1188906066206" MODIFIED="1692831782667">
<node TEXT="compare to regular negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_1648327758" CREATED="1295454476672" MODIFIED="1295454484115"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Ultrahazardous / abnormally dangerous activities" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_38733715" CREATED="1188906162602" MODIFIED="1661871769627">
<node TEXT="Essence" ID="ID_186330532" CREATED="1452783313057" MODIFIED="1661871769627">
<node TEXT="it&apos;s a policy determination that the party undertaking the activity ought to bear the full cost of any harm that comes of it" ID="ID_1357993540" CREATED="1452783317853" MODIFIED="1452783384505"/>
<node TEXT="&quot;small triggers ... can release far larger forces&quot; (Epstein)" ID="ID_890819460" CREATED="1452783449174" MODIFIED="1452783552775"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Examples" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_270154599" CREATED="1189081821746" MODIFIED="1661871769627">
<node TEXT="Blasting" ID="Freemind_Link_1207918876" CREATED="1189081824698" MODIFIED="1189081826965"/>
<node TEXT="Oil drilling" ID="Freemind_Link_1995875421" CREATED="1189081827578" MODIFIED="1189081831077"/>
<node TEXT="Fumigation" ID="Freemind_Link_1704050418" CREATED="1189081831874" MODIFIED="1189081834422"/>
<node TEXT="Crop dusting" ID="Freemind_Link_1084030166" CREATED="1189081835778" MODIFIED="1189081840066"/>
<node TEXT="Fireworks display/performance/manufacturing" ID="ID_655788105" CREATED="1452783579080" MODIFIED="1630068360140"/>
<node TEXT="Explosives using/storing/manufacturing" ID="ID_1774335212" CREATED="1452783571916" MODIFIED="1630068405349"/>
<node TEXT="Highly toxic chemicals using/storing/manufacturing" ID="ID_1302993865" CREATED="1630068406244" MODIFIED="1630068417526"/>
<node TEXT="Anything nuclear/radioactive" ID="Freemind_Link_163038393" CREATED="1295454506840" MODIFIED="1535557515130"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defective products" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1242885425" CREATED="1188906528530" MODIFIED="1661871769629">
<node TEXT="Defendant must be a &quot;commercial supplier&quot; of the product at issue" ID="Freemind_Link_1656234894" CREATED="1188906594144" MODIFIED="1661871769627">
<node TEXT="Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers are commercial suppliers" ID="Freemind_Link_432568009" CREATED="1188906663443" MODIFIED="1189081866646"/>
<node TEXT="Not casual sellers" ID="Freemind_Link_358119836" CREATED="1188906689019" MODIFIED="1188906700079"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Everyone in the distribution chain can be liable" ID="Freemind_Link_1917088610" CREATED="1295459831004" MODIFIED="1630068676332"/>
<node TEXT="Must be a good, not a service" ID="Freemind_Link_808524683" CREATED="1295455013751" MODIFIED="1295455026258"/>
<node TEXT="Injury must be to person or tangible property" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1314926031" CREATED="1295455074799" MODIFIED="1661871769628">
<node TEXT="not the product itself; does not work as a warranty on the product" ID="Freemind_Link_607770378" CREATED="1295455095511" MODIFIED="1295455124818"/>
<node TEXT="does not cover purely monetary consequential damages flowing from failure to work right" ID="Freemind_Link_251671394" CREATED="1295455162766" MODIFIED="1295455210666"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="The product must be defective" ID="Freemind_Link_983077752" CREATED="1295454733087" MODIFIED="1661871769629">
<node TEXT="Compare defect element to negligence" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1239991049" CREATED="1295455034687" MODIFIED="1661871769628">
<node TEXT="In general, a defect is something that makes the product unreasonably dangerous. So, like negligence, it is built around notions of reasonability. But strict products liability has more or -- at least different -- specificity in the doctrine concerning how this determination is made." ID="ID_1417477308" CREATED="1661862231412" MODIFIED="1661862717347"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Tests" ID="ID_1030906253" CREATED="1630068477546" MODIFIED="1661871769628">
<node TEXT="Consumer-expectations test: Would a reasonable consumer expect the danger in the product that caused the injury?" ID="ID_1024444414" CREATED="1630068482085" MODIFIED="1630068575807"/>
<node TEXT="Risk-utility test: Would making the product safer provide a benefit that would offset the increased price or loss of usefulness, taking into account the likelihood of injury?" ID="ID_1127126022" CREATED="1630068577708" MODIFIED="1630068653751"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Kinds of defects" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_43081002" CREATED="1661861096061" MODIFIED="1661871769629">
<node TEXT="Design defect" ID="ID_1746196694" CREATED="1661861105023" MODIFIED="1661871769628">
<node TEXT="The product is defective as designed. E.g., it might lack safety features for which the added safety outweighs the added cost or decreased usefulness of the product.. The consumer-expectations test or risk-utility test can be used to show the existence of a design defect." ID="ID_10275200" CREATED="1661861115648" MODIFIED="1661861337378"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Manufacturing defect" ID="ID_398834286" CREATED="1661861342982" MODIFIED="1661871769628">
<node TEXT="Something went wrong in the manufacturing process that caused the particular unit of the product at issue to be defective. E.g., a bad weld on a tank, bacterial contamination in packaged food. The consumer-expectation test can be used to show the existence of a manufacturing defect. " ID="ID_1332603470" CREATED="1661861372516" MODIFIED="1661861563524"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Warning defect" ID="ID_1121714409" CREATED="1661861733343" MODIFIED="1661871769629">
<node TEXT="There was a danger with the product that was known or reasonably knowable, and the defendant didn&apos;t adequately warn of it. A test that can be used is whether a warning was reasonable uder the circumstances to avoid danger." ID="ID_827351226" CREATED="1661861740594" MODIFIED="1661862183280"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Actual causation" ID="Freemind_Link_168804169" CREATED="1188905749159" MODIFIED="1692831774203" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Same as for negligence, see above" ID="Freemind_Link_458521943" CREATED="1188905927368" MODIFIED="1692831836820">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Proximate causation" ID="Freemind_Link_502915449" CREATED="1188905840391" MODIFIED="1692831774203" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Same as for negligence, see above" ID="Freemind_Link_1205782934" CREATED="1188905921711" MODIFIED="1692831836820">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Injury (damages)" ID="Freemind_Link_568246881" CREATED="1188905845535" MODIFIED="1692831774204" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Same as for negligence, see above" ID="Freemind_Link_905704330" CREATED="1188905848727" MODIFIED="1692831836819">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Torts for oblique injuries (dignitary/economic)" FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="Freemind_Link_736690864" CREATED="1179193058924" MODIFIED="1661871769639" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Fraud" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1579330656" CREATED="1188907212946" MODIFIED="1692831981594" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Elements" ID="ID_159891375" CREATED="1566293082497" MODIFIED="1661871769632">
<node TEXT="Material misrepresentation" ID="ID_481369981" CREATED="1453993870204" MODIFIED="1484664551778"/>
<node TEXT="Scienter" ID="ID_1879589141" CREATED="1453993902277" MODIFIED="1484664556077"/>
<node TEXT="Intent to induce reliance" ID="ID_1949636156" CREATED="1453993906078" MODIFIED="1484664562297"/>
<node TEXT="Actual reliance" ID="ID_480608039" CREATED="1453993917966" MODIFIED="1484664566708"/>
<node TEXT="Justifiable reliance" ID="ID_874732062" CREATED="1453993931559" MODIFIED="1484664572879"/>
<node TEXT="Damages" ID="ID_609867879" CREATED="1453993936896" MODIFIED="1484664577091"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defamation" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_520798905" CREATED="1179196183575" MODIFIED="1692831981596" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Elements" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1753817558" CREATED="1453995570918" MODIFIED="1661871769634">
<node TEXT="defamatory statement" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_311449670" CREATED="1453995592423" MODIFIED="1661871769632">
<node TEXT="reputation harming" ID="ID_1174362384" CREATED="1453995724067" MODIFIED="1453995727643"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="regarding a matter of fact" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1946424995" CREATED="1453995631705" MODIFIED="1661871769633">
<node TEXT="as opposed to opinion" ID="ID_1048203555" CREATED="1661631661918" MODIFIED="1661631673334"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="of and concerning the plaintiff" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1517126687" CREATED="1453995640334" MODIFIED="1661871769633">
<node TEXT="for instannce, when a large group of people is identified in the defamatory statement, it may not be deemed of and concerning an individual member of the group" ID="ID_497991289" CREATED="1661631675726" MODIFIED="1661631760515"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="published by the defendant" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1019135048" CREATED="1566293260554" MODIFIED="1661871769633">
<node TEXT="&quot;publication&quot; is a term of art; it just means being heard or read by at least one other person, not including the plaintiff and defendant" ID="ID_1557625209" CREATED="1661631763185" MODIFIED="1661631799144"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="plus an extra condition" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1246991798" CREATED="1453995650674" MODIFIED="1661871769634">
<node TEXT="libel per se" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_115193633" CREATED="1453995656671" MODIFIED="1661871769633">
<node TEXT="I.e., no external information is needed to understand defamatory import" ID="ID_1582949840" CREATED="1661631562605" MODIFIED="1661631596894"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="libel per quod" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1631297172" CREATED="1453995666682" MODIFIED="1661871769633">
<node TEXT="(Use the same analysis as for slander per se.)" ID="ID_1023179162" CREATED="1566293292202" MODIFIED="1566293317296"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="slander per se" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_663188946" CREATED="1453995670608" MODIFIED="1661871769634">
<node TEXT="must be in one of four categories" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_271287816" CREATED="1453995986077" MODIFIED="1661871769634">
<node TEXT="business or occupation" ID="ID_921628492" CREATED="1453996096759" MODIFIED="1453996109627"/>
<node TEXT="loathsome disease" ID="ID_1152563963" CREATED="1453996174062" MODIFIED="1453996188348"/>
<node TEXT="guilt of crime of moral turpitude" ID="ID_363085678" CREATED="1453996274387" MODIFIED="1453996341694"/>
<node TEXT="lack of chastity" ID="ID_357009088" CREATED="1453996389811" MODIFIED="1453996398614"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="or prove special damages" ID="ID_1446294061" CREATED="1453995995523" MODIFIED="1453996000002"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Defenses" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_733745329" CREATED="1453996534992" MODIFIED="1661871769636">
<node TEXT="Substantial truth" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_857533718" CREATED="1453996562758" MODIFIED="1661871769635">
<node TEXT="But this can be an element of the prima facie case in some contexts, because of the First Amendment" ID="ID_56710205" CREATED="1453996625507" MODIFIED="1453996645862"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Qualified privileges" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_836177149" CREATED="1566293436133" MODIFIED="1661871769635">
<node TEXT="Fair reporting privilege" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1844573075" CREATED="1453996666132" MODIFIED="1661871769635">
<node TEXT="The media is privileged to provide a fair and accurate report of defamatory statements made in the course of legislative, judicial, administrative and other official proceedings/records, if the proceedings or records are open to the public, and they relate to a matter of public concern" ID="ID_142897792" CREATED="1661631881645" MODIFIED="1661631920218"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Neutral reportage" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_282755931" CREATED="1566293496739" MODIFIED="1661871769635">
<node TEXT="The media is privileged to provide a fair and accurate reporting of charges made by one public figure against another - for example things spouses say against one another in a celebrity divorce" ID="ID_592795651" CREATED="1661631937070" MODIFIED="1661632053654"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Absolute privileges" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1434730668" CREATED="1566293468448" MODIFIED="1661871769636">
<node TEXT="There are, for example, absolute privileges for anything said in court pleadings or said aloud in court, and anything said by legislators on the floor of the legislature." ID="ID_1845570581" CREATED="1661632083395" MODIFIED="1661632122054"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Other issues" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1771066587" CREATED="1453995687501" MODIFIED="1661871769636">
<node TEXT="So-called &quot;trade libel&quot; is a name for defamation against a company" ID="Freemind_Link_1768454351" CREATED="1188299988544" MODIFIED="1630071704889">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Constitutional issues - First Amendment" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1833133408" CREATED="1453996544873" MODIFIED="1661871769636">
<node TEXT="Under many circumstances the First Amendment adds requirements and defenses to common-law defamation in a way that makes the law as a whole more protective of free speech." ID="ID_541166197" CREATED="1630071732251" MODIFIED="1630071804951"/>
<node TEXT="These are complicated ..." ID="ID_395731343" CREATED="1630071722527" MODIFIED="1630071731225"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="tip" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_376173612" CREATED="1295624488849" MODIFIED="1661871769637" COLOR="#0000ff" BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ccccff">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
<node TEXT="Look at the Defamation Flowchart for a more complete explanation ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_270994581" CREATED="1295624315295" MODIFIED="1661871769637" COLOR="#000000" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
<node TEXT="http://www.ericejohnson.com/m/Defamation_Flowchart.pdf" ID="ID_523115151" CREATED="1566293594155" MODIFIED="1566293818375" STYLE="fork"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Intentional interference with prospective economic advantage" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="Freemind_Link_1897518943" CREATED="1179196197647" MODIFIED="1692831987528" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Intentional interference with contract" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="Freemind_Link_421545578" CREATED="1188907310676" MODIFIED="1692831987525" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Privacy and publicity torts" FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="Freemind_Link_1404112457" CREATED="1179196188999" MODIFIED="1661871769639" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Intrusion" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_627861533" CREATED="1269792493983" MODIFIED="1692832045774" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="E.g., peeping" ID="Freemind_Link_978373394" CREATED="1295624136436" MODIFIED="1295624165917"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="False light" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1276235457" CREATED="1269792514071" MODIFIED="1692832045776" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Like defamation, but need not be reputation harming" ID="Freemind_Link_1636990555" CREATED="1295624170548" MODIFIED="1295624182151"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Disclosure" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_861978913" CREATED="1269792519533" MODIFIED="1692832045777" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Disclosure of embarassing facts to the public" ID="Freemind_Link_1483827149" CREATED="1295624184023" MODIFIED="1295624201930"/>
<node TEXT="i.e., blabbing" ID="ID_1205313832" CREATED="1453996817618" MODIFIED="1453996823620"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Right of publicity" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_727604402" CREATED="1269792522996" MODIFIED="1692832045777" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="a/k/a &quot;misappropriation&quot;" ID="Freemind_Link_1737349965" CREATED="1269792529858" MODIFIED="1269792544117"/>
<node TEXT="Commercial use of another persons name, likeness, image, voice, etc." ID="Freemind_Link_248440940" CREATED="1295624516574" MODIFIED="1295624542730"/>
<node TEXT="Substantive scope limited by" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_44010830" CREATED="1295624543460" MODIFIED="1661871769638">
<node TEXT="First Amendment" ID="Freemind_Link_781197466" CREATED="1295624572223" MODIFIED="1295624575955"/>
<node TEXT="Copyright preemption" ID="Freemind_Link_830815684" CREATED="1295624576398" MODIFIED="1295624580442"/>
<node TEXT="Various ad hoc means" ID="Freemind_Link_24463053" CREATED="1295624580935" MODIFIED="1630071982802"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Successful cases usually involve" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_821189117" CREATED="1630071997076" MODIFIED="1661871769638">
<node TEXT="Endorsement/advertising" ID="ID_1195577840" CREATED="1630072013388" MODIFIED="1630072041613"/>
<node TEXT="Merchandising" ID="ID_770919420" CREATED="1630072042499" MODIFIED="1630072065853"/>
<node TEXT="Or, more rarely, what you could call &quot;virtual impressment&quot;" ID="ID_1083070564" CREATED="1630072074760" MODIFIED="1630072099160"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="tip" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1437879077" CREATED="1295624488849" MODIFIED="1661871769639" COLOR="#0000ff" BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ccccff">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
<node TEXT="These torts tend to come up in the same fact patterns as defamation and IIED/outrage, so where you see one, you might look for the others as well." ID="Freemind_Link_1025879761" CREATED="1295624315295" MODIFIED="1630077136347" COLOR="#333333" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10" ITALIC="true"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Others" FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="ID_1025546891" CREATED="1630076692009" MODIFIED="1692832069750" STYLE="bubble">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="And just so you know,  many more torts exist ... There&apos;s malicious prosecution, breach of fiduciary duty, tortious breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing -- just to name a few." ID="ID_812172788" CREATED="1630076656985" MODIFIED="1630077470744"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Other essential issues" FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="Freemind_Link_859239571" CREATED="1188299726762" MODIFIED="1692832082681" STYLE="bubble">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Standard of proof" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_772080430" CREATED="1188299537214" MODIFIED="1661871769640">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Preponderance of evidence" ID="Freemind_Link_686747008" CREATED="1188299545526" MODIFIED="1189027443937">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="For each element of cause of action or affirmative defense" ID="Freemind_Link_986919996" CREATED="1188299554374" MODIFIED="1188308108857">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Remedies" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1956167143" CREATED="1181265679802" MODIFIED="1661871769645">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Legal vs. equitable remedies" ID="ID_1786038659" CREATED="1453214730156" MODIFIED="1453214737964"/>
<node TEXT="Damages" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1224944402" CREATED="1181305036127" MODIFIED="1661871769642">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Nominal" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_698176003" CREATED="1181305057239" MODIFIED="1661871769640">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="E.g., $1" ID="Freemind_Link_610117675" CREATED="1295456819986" MODIFIED="1295456831358"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Compensatory" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_546492068" CREATED="1181305047639" MODIFIED="1661871769641">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Function" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_120338180" CREATED="1421928528395" MODIFIED="1661871769640">
<node TEXT="To make plaintiff whole" ID="ID_1269093282" CREATED="1421928531279" MODIFIED="1421928538139"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Kinds" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1900243553" CREATED="1421928544169" MODIFIED="1661871769641">
<node TEXT="Special or pecuniary" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1481042101" CREATED="1181305073615" MODIFIED="1661871769640">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Example: Lost wages that can be specified in an exact sum of money." ID="ID_1566185073" CREATED="1630069570553" MODIFIED="1630069593167"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="General or nonpecuniary" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_244440685" CREATED="1181305076743" MODIFIED="1661871769640">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Example: Pain and suffering, which isn&apos;t naturally quantifiable in exact dollars." ID="ID_806389861" CREATED="1630069595130" MODIFIED="1630069630325"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Collateral source rule" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1006278846" CREATED="1188905038067" MODIFIED="1661871769641">
<node TEXT="Damages are not reduced because plaintiff has collateral sources (insurance, charity)" ID="Freemind_Link_1047669210" CREATED="1188905047771" MODIFIED="1282836523976">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Punitive" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1355610645" CREATED="1181305059879" MODIFIED="1661871769642">
<edge WIDTH="thin"/>
<node TEXT="Function" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_511471399" CREATED="1421928494139" MODIFIED="1661871769641">
<node TEXT="To punish defendant" ID="ID_156139288" CREATED="1421928501310" MODIFIED="1421928506144"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Common law" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1458376038" CREATED="1295456804570" MODIFIED="1661871769642">
<node TEXT="Special culpability required" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_562729416" CREATED="1421928440702" MODIFIED="1661871769642">
<node TEXT="Conduct must be wanton, willful, reckless or malicious" ID="Freemind_Link_1768898320" CREATED="1188904939363" MODIFIED="1484665962110"/>
<node TEXT="E.g., “flagrant misconduct,” “malice,” “in conscious disregard,” “willful, wanton, or reckless,” and “wantonly reckless or malicious.”" ID="ID_55011972" CREATED="1421928473769" MODIFIED="1421928485487"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Additur and remittitur" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_235203905" CREATED="1453214810687" MODIFIED="1661871769642">
<node TEXT="a way for judges to reduce or increase jury verdicts" ID="ID_1200096487" CREATED="1453214822129" MODIFIED="1630069665537"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Attorneys fees and taxation of damages" ID="ID_1149435563" CREATED="1453214787615" MODIFIED="1453214870392"/>
<node TEXT="Remedies beyond damages" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1718189005" CREATED="1630069692360" MODIFIED="1661871769643">
<node TEXT="Injunctions, for example" ID="ID_204575811" CREATED="1630069702277" MODIFIED="1630069707604"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Multiple tortfeasors" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1317748529" CREATED="1295623694132" MODIFIED="1661871769645">
<node TEXT="Vicarious liability" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1596508707" CREATED="1484663661856" MODIFIED="1661871769643">
<node TEXT="Respondeat superior" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_271079642" CREATED="1295623780622" MODIFIED="1661871769643">
<node TEXT="Most common application: Companies are liable for the torts of their employees acting in the scope of their employment." ID="ID_1432552612" CREATED="1630069715521" MODIFIED="1630069853779"/>
<node TEXT="This doesn&apos;t remove the employee tortfeasor from liability—it just adds the employer." ID="ID_367800216" CREATED="1630069800567" MODIFIED="1630069837679"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Acting in concert" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_145433466" CREATED="1484663669918" MODIFIED="1661871769643">
<node TEXT="Persons acting in concert are liable for each other&apos;s torts." ID="ID_488421048" CREATED="1630069857792" MODIFIED="1630069871474"/>
<node TEXT="Aiding and encouraging another person to commit a tort makes the aider/encourager liable  (in addition to the primary tortfeasor)." ID="ID_102796337" CREATED="1630069889099" MODIFIED="1630069917859"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Joint and several liability" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_870898437" CREATED="1295623701973" MODIFIED="1661871769643">
<node TEXT="Default rule and traditional approach: Entirely plaintiff&apos;s choice whom to sue and from whom to collect judgment, in any combination or distribution" ID="ID_1524089051" CREATED="1484663697534" MODIFIED="1630069176688"/>
<node TEXT="This has been modified by statute in defendant-friendly ways in many jurisictions  (tort reform)" ID="ID_646992583" CREATED="1484663846417" MODIFIED="1630069188568"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Contribution" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_393831304" CREATED="1295623773860" MODIFIED="1661871769644">
<node TEXT="Get partially reimbursed by fellow blameworthy parties" ID="ID_1993280383" CREATED="1484663579623" MODIFIED="1484663607054"/>
<node TEXT="Can even  be used after settlement to get a portion of the settlement reimbursed" ID="ID_107698473" CREATED="1484663903739" MODIFIED="1630069229153"/>
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<node TEXT="Indemnification" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1143002473" CREATED="1484663468221" MODIFIED="1661871769645">
<node TEXT="Get reimbursed for all liability" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1832530523" CREATED="1484663611603" MODIFIED="1661871769644">
<node TEXT="Doctrinal indemnification " FOLDED="true" ID="ID_702834769" CREATED="1484663481652" MODIFIED="1661871769644">
<node TEXT="Variously called &quot;legal indemnification&quot; and &quot;equitable indemnification&quot;" ID="ID_1773496665" CREATED="1484663955892" MODIFIED="1484663975118"/>
<node TEXT="This is part of background law and is generally available when it is fair for one party, who was realtively blameless but had to pay damages, to get reimbursed by person or company who was more blameworthy but wasn&apos;t made to pay" ID="ID_66171385" CREATED="1484663976344" MODIFIED="1630069313817"/>
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<node TEXT="Contractual indemnification" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1661138388" CREATED="1484663992518" MODIFIED="1661871769644">
<node TEXT="Arises by contractual agreement" ID="ID_1761212420" CREATED="1484663998538" MODIFIED="1484664005682"/>
<node TEXT="This isn&apos;t about fairness, it&apos;s about one party negotiating for it, often because of superior bargaining power" ID="ID_1745591949" CREATED="1630069321040" MODIFIED="1630069351628"/>
<node TEXT="KEY POINT: One person&apos;s right to sue and recover damages cannot be extinguished by an indemnification agreement between two others!" ID="ID_1399733986" CREATED="1484664012673" MODIFIED="1630069466591"/>
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</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Enforcing judgments" ID="ID_159765213" CREATED="1421928376408" MODIFIED="1421928380233"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Special issues with parties and actions" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_515782527" CREATED="1421927173886" MODIFIED="1661871769650">
<node TEXT="Statutes of limitation and repose" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1174426978" CREATED="1295622603509" MODIFIED="1661871769646">
<node TEXT="Statutes of limitations" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_681460709" CREATED="1421927396492" MODIFIED="1661871769645">
<node TEXT="Hard deadline on filing lawsuits" ID="ID_1251866844" CREATED="1421927401681" MODIFIED="1421927534441"/>
<node TEXT="Clock starts based on accrual of claim" ID="ID_1778967256" CREATED="1421927433583" MODIFIED="1421927556075"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Statutes of repose" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_728753718" CREATED="1421927559033" MODIFIED="1661871769646">
<node TEXT="Hard deadline on filing lawsuits" ID="ID_814067564" CREATED="1421927564436" MODIFIED="1421927583356"/>
<node TEXT="Clock starts based on defendant&apos;s action" ID="ID_1715661875" CREATED="1421927583929" MODIFIED="1421927596900"/>
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</node>
<node TEXT="Immunities and tort liability of the government" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_70368072" CREATED="1421927234985" MODIFIED="1661871769647">
<node TEXT="Immunities" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_954633433" CREATED="1295622874747" MODIFIED="1661871769646">
<node TEXT="Family/spousal" ID="Freemind_Link_1046173278" CREATED="1295622890321" MODIFIED="1295622895853"/>
<node TEXT="Charitable" ID="Freemind_Link_46601116" CREATED="1295622884859" MODIFIED="1295622889878"/>
<node TEXT="Government (sovereign)" ID="Freemind_Link_498678609" CREATED="1295622879447" MODIFIED="1421927694451"/>
<node TEXT="Diplomatic" ID="ID_1993003959" CREATED="1453391678847" MODIFIED="1453391691283"/>
<node TEXT="Intergovernmental organizations" ID="ID_1418758088" CREATED="1484664109886" MODIFIED="1484664119057"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="The firefighter rule" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_143921361" CREATED="1295622859546" MODIFIED="1661871769646">
<node TEXT="Functions as a reverse immunity, barring certain plaintiffs from negligence suits" ID="ID_114617565" CREATED="1484664123416" MODIFIED="1484664277339"/>
<node TEXT="Example: Firefighter injured in fire negligently set by homeowner cannot sue homeowner for injuries" ID="ID_1376987941" CREATED="1484664278451" MODIFIED="1484664311677"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Suits against sovereigns" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1071835435" CREATED="1295622899122" MODIFIED="1661871769647">
<node TEXT="Federal Tort Claims Act" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1198126281" CREATED="1295622912359" MODIFIED="1661871769647">
<node TEXT="Can sue governement under negligence" ID="Freemind_Link_1368475437" CREATED="1295622918671" MODIFIED="1295622934004"/>
<node TEXT="Use state&apos;s negligence law" ID="Freemind_Link_1850673842" CREATED="1295622934547" MODIFIED="1295622939705"/>
<node TEXT="Special procedures must be followed" ID="Freemind_Link_1592766835" CREATED="1295622975634" MODIFIED="1295622984617"/>
<node TEXT="Strict liability excluded" ID="Freemind_Link_810253667" CREATED="1295622940109" MODIFIED="1295622973704"/>
<node TEXT="Intentional torts excluded" ID="Freemind_Link_893511913" CREATED="1295622957271" MODIFIED="1295622968380"/>
<node TEXT="Discretionary-function exemption" ID="ID_1385039913" CREATED="1453213859190" MODIFIED="1453213873281"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="States have statutory schemes partially waiving sovereign immunity and providing for suit similar to the FTCA" ID="Freemind_Link_657912806" CREATED="1295622987347" MODIFIED="1295623025666"/>
<node TEXT="See also constitutional torts" ID="ID_1311280656" CREATED="1484664325698" MODIFIED="1484664350222">
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</node>
<node TEXT="Constitutional torts" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_104300204" CREATED="1295622720934" MODIFIED="1661871769648">
<node TEXT="Section 1983 actions" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1806223986" CREATED="1295622616483" MODIFIED="1661871769647">
<node TEXT="42 U.S.C. § 1983" ID="Freemind_Link_1099134505" CREATED="1295622694846" MODIFIED="1484664366049"/>
<node TEXT="Against state or local officials (those acting under color of state law) for violations of constitutional rights" ID="ID_527075307" CREATED="1453214374319" MODIFIED="1453214409484"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Bivens actions" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_48377745" CREATED="1295622739283" MODIFIED="1661871769648">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Like a 1983 action against federal officers, but subject to more limitations" ID="Freemind_Link_1798483924" CREATED="1295622787346" MODIFIED="1453214364968"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Implied rights of actions" ID="Freemind_Link_1027732920" CREATED="1295622611046" MODIFIED="1295622615928"/>
<node TEXT="Wrongful death, survival actions, and loss of consortium" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_395456641" CREATED="1421927900461" MODIFIED="1661871769649">
<node TEXT="Wrongful death" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1911789649" CREATED="1295623516272" MODIFIED="1661871769648">
<node TEXT="Survivors bring action based on loss of loved one" ID="Freemind_Link_1169362189" CREATED="1295623561548" MODIFIED="1295623569509"/>
<node TEXT="Not recognized in American common law" ID="ID_1693170602" CREATED="1484664422339" MODIFIED="1484664438994"/>
<node TEXT="Action created by statute" ID="ID_1932210205" CREATED="1484664442390" MODIFIED="1484664459600"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Survival actions" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1509544927" CREATED="1295623533435" MODIFIED="1661871769648">
<node TEXT="Survivors bring action based on causes of action that accrued to deceased before death" ID="Freemind_Link_244400613" CREATED="1295623537560" MODIFIED="1295623560168"/>
<node TEXT="Created by statue" ID="ID_916428995" CREATED="1630071124657" MODIFIED="1630071133603"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Loss of consortium" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1287260535" CREATED="1295623511835" MODIFIED="1661871769649">
<node TEXT="A close family member of a living primary tort victim can bring this action based on the loss experienced by the family member. (Example: Spouse in persistent vegetative state -- although it need not be that extreme.)" ID="Freemind_Link_845684366" CREATED="1295623570885" MODIFIED="1630071347634"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Wrongful conception, birth, and life; unborn plaintiffs" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1514569506" CREATED="1421927767564" MODIFIED="1661871769650">
<node TEXT="Issues relating to pregnancy" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_102471866" CREATED="1295623040547" MODIFIED="1661871769650">
<node TEXT="Wrongful conception" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_859709189" CREATED="1295623083697" MODIFIED="1661871769649">
<node TEXT="brought by parents for failed contraception" ID="Freemind_Link_1905689320" CREATED="1295623094110" MODIFIED="1295623103380"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Wrongful birth" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_492264017" CREATED="1295623398173" MODIFIED="1661871769649">
<node TEXT="brought by parents for unterminated pregnancy" ID="Freemind_Link_1851444996" CREATED="1295623402798" MODIFIED="1295623411079"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Wrongful life" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1023741906" CREATED="1295623105909" MODIFIED="1661871769649">
<node TEXT="brought by child for unterminated pregnancy" ID="Freemind_Link_1997118995" CREATED="1295623110122" MODIFIED="1295623396167"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Suits by an unborn plaintiff against the mother" ID="Freemind_Link_1264229523" CREATED="1295623449772" MODIFIED="1295623477293"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="About this mindmap ..." FOLDED="true" POSITION="bottom_or_right" ID="ID_1806455954" CREATED="1547678741043" MODIFIED="1661871769652" COLOR="#006699" STYLE="fork">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node TEXT="Torts Mindmap. Revision date: August 30, 2023. Copyright 2023 Eric E. Johnson. ericejohnson.com" ID="ID_521138240" CREATED="1630075221562" MODIFIED="1693505971994">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Warning: This mindmap oversimplifies!" FOLDED="true" ID="ID_959925004" CREATED="1630077486239" MODIFIED="1661871769651">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12" BOLD="true"/>
<node TEXT="Don&apos;t rely on this for real-world legal problems. Jurisdictions are different, and things are complicated. And for studying, think of it as a framework or staring point, not a thorough statement of the relevant doctrine." ID="ID_83961231" CREATED="1630077571926" MODIFIED="1630077871780"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Allowed uses for students ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1408410941" CREATED="1630075440831" MODIFIED="1692832231755" BACKGROUND_COLOR="#ffff99">
<font NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="10"/>
<node TEXT="Whether you are my student or studying torts elsewhere, if you would like to modify this document for your own use in studying, go ahead. If you&apos;d like to share your modified mindmap with others (such as giving it to friends or putting it in a student-group&apos;s outline bank), that&apos;s fine, but send me a copy after finals so that I can post it for others to build upon and modify provided they share it forward likewise. " ID="ID_1370838884" CREATED="1630075751370" MODIFIED="1630076300892"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Allowed uses for others ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_223491933" CREATED="1630077816024" MODIFIED="1661871769651">
<node TEXT="Allowed uses for instructors, lawyers, etc. ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1265822625" CREATED="1630075771428" MODIFIED="1692832191361">
<node TEXT="If you&apos;d like to redistribute this document or modify it for teaching/training purposes, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. I like hearing from fellow teachers and lawyers and I&apos;m almost always happy to give permission to re-use my materials on a gratis basis." ID="ID_93136380" CREATED="1630075801290" MODIFIED="1630075801290"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Allowed uses for companies, publishers, organizations, and others ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_795197397" CREATED="1630075850659" MODIFIED="1661871769651">
<node TEXT="For permissions, please contact me through ericejohnson.com. (Frequently I&apos;m up for giving gratis permission. But in the case of for-profit publishers and large educational services corporations, however, I would likely ask for a licensing fee.) " ID="ID_1324263480" CREATED="1630075943467" MODIFIED="1630076007660"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="More study resources and mindmap material ..." FOLDED="true" ID="ID_1298740804" CREATED="1630075238174" MODIFIED="1661871769652">
<node TEXT="are available at http://ericejohnson.com/projects/torts_materials/" ID="ID_1002377343" CREATED="1630075281118" MODIFIED="1630075414763"/>
<node TEXT="Check out the Exam Archive: http://ericejohnson.com/exam_archive " ID="ID_187066259" CREATED="1661871655662" MODIFIED="1661871702340"/>
<node TEXT="And for subjects beyond torts, go to ericejohnson.com" ID="ID_495992575" CREATED="1630075419884" MODIFIED="1630075435522"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</map>
